diff --git a/runtime/luajit.lua b/runtime/luajit.lua
index 15f30c0..3334228 100644
--- a/runtime/luajit.lua
+++ b/runtime/luajit.lua
@@ -29,11 +29,17 @@ do
 end
 
 do
+	local eqz = {}
+	local eq = {}
+	local ne = {}
 	local le = {}
 	local lt = {}
 	local ge = {}
 	local gt = {}
 
+	module.eqz = eqz
+	module.eq = eq
+	module.ne = ne
 	module.le = le
 	module.lt = lt
 	module.ge = ge
@@ -47,6 +53,10 @@ do
 		end
 	end
 
+	function eqz.i32(lhs) return to_boolean(lhs == 0) end
+	function eqz.i64(lhs) return to_boolean(lhs == 0) end
+	function eq.i32(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(lhs == rhs) end
+	function eq.i64(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(lhs == rhs) end
 	function ge.u32(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(u32(lhs) >= u32(rhs)) end
 	function ge.u64(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(u64(lhs) >= u64(rhs)) end
 	function gt.u32(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(u32(lhs) > u32(rhs)) end
@@ -55,6 +65,8 @@ do
 	function le.u64(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(u64(lhs) <= u64(rhs)) end
 	function lt.u32(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(u32(lhs) < u32(rhs)) end
 	function lt.u64(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(u64(lhs) < u64(rhs)) end
+	function ne.i32(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(lhs ~= rhs) end
+	function ne.i64(lhs, rhs) return to_boolean(lhs ~= rhs) end
 end
 
 do
diff --git a/runtime/luau.lua b/runtime/luau.lua
index b354d37..40d5388 100644
--- a/runtime/luau.lua
+++ b/runtime/luau.lua
@@ -15,11 +15,17 @@ do
 end
 
 do
+	local eqz = {}
+	local eq = {}
+	local ne = {}
 	local le = {}
 	local lt = {}
 	local ge = {}
 	local gt = {}
 
+	module.eqz = eqz
+	module.eq = eq
+	module.ne = ne
 	module.le = le
 	module.lt = lt
 	module.ge = ge
@@ -37,6 +43,10 @@ do
 		return x
 	end
 
+	function eqz.i32(lhs) return lhs == 0 and 1 or 0 end
+	function eqz.i64(lhs) return lhs == 0 and 1 or 0 end
+	function eq.i32(lhs, rhs) return lhs == rhs and 1 or 0 end
+	function eq.i64(lhs, rhs) return lhs == rhs and 1 or 0 end
 	function ge.u32(lhs, rhs) return unsign_i32(lhs) >= unsign_i32(rhs) and 1 or 0 end
 	function ge.u64(lhs, rhs) return unsign_i64(lhs) >= unsign_i64(rhs) and 1 or 0 end
 	function gt.u32(lhs, rhs) return unsign_i32(lhs) > unsign_i32(rhs) and 1 or 0 end
@@ -45,6 +55,8 @@ do
 	function le.u64(lhs, rhs) return unsign_i64(lhs) <= unsign_i64(rhs) and 1 or 0 end
 	function lt.u32(lhs, rhs) return unsign_i32(lhs) < unsign_i32(rhs) and 1 or 0 end
 	function lt.u64(lhs, rhs) return unsign_i64(lhs) < unsign_i64(rhs) and 1 or 0 end
+	function ne.i32(lhs, rhs) return lhs ~= rhs and 1 or 0 end
+	function ne.i64(lhs, rhs) return lhs ~= rhs and 1 or 0 end
 end
 
 do
diff --git a/src/backend/ast/data.rs b/src/backend/ast/data.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bee024e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/ast/data.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use parity_wasm::elements::BrTableData;
+
+use crate::backend::visitor::data::Visitor;
+
+use super::operation::{BinOp, Load, Store, UnOp};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Select {
+	pub cond: Box<Expression>,
+	pub a: Box<Expression>,
+	pub b: Box<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Select {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_select(self);
+
+		self.cond.accept(visitor);
+		self.a.accept(visitor);
+		self.b.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct GetLocal {
+	pub var: u32,
+}
+
+impl GetLocal {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_get_local(self);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct GetGlobal {
+	pub var: u32,
+}
+
+impl GetGlobal {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_get_global(self);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct AnyLoad {
+	pub op: Load,
+	pub offset: u32,
+	pub pointer: Box<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl AnyLoad {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_any_load(self);
+
+		self.pointer.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct MemorySize {
+	pub memory: u8,
+}
+
+impl MemorySize {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_memory_size(self);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct MemoryGrow {
+	pub memory: u8,
+	pub value: Box<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl MemoryGrow {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_memory_grow(self);
+
+		self.value.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Value {
+	I32(i32),
+	I64(i64),
+	F32(f32),
+	F64(f64),
+}
+
+impl Value {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_value(self);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct AnyUnOp {
+	pub op: UnOp,
+	pub rhs: Box<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl AnyUnOp {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_any_unop(self);
+
+		self.rhs.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct AnyBinOp {
+	pub op: BinOp,
+	pub lhs: Box<Expression>,
+	pub rhs: Box<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl AnyBinOp {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_any_binop(self);
+
+		self.lhs.accept(visitor);
+		self.rhs.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum Expression {
+	Recall(usize),
+	Select(Select),
+	GetLocal(GetLocal),
+	GetGlobal(GetGlobal),
+	AnyLoad(AnyLoad),
+	MemorySize(MemorySize),
+	MemoryGrow(MemoryGrow),
+	Value(Value),
+	AnyUnOp(AnyUnOp),
+	AnyBinOp(AnyBinOp),
+}
+
+impl Expression {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_expression(self);
+
+		match self {
+			Expression::Recall(v) => visitor.visit_recall(*v),
+			Expression::Select(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Expression::GetLocal(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Expression::GetGlobal(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Expression::AnyLoad(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Expression::MemorySize(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Expression::MemoryGrow(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Expression::Value(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Expression::AnyUnOp(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Expression::AnyBinOp(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn is_recalling(&self, wanted: usize) -> bool {
+		match *self {
+			Expression::Recall(v) => v == wanted,
+			_ => false,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Memorize {
+	pub var: usize,
+	pub value: Expression,
+}
+
+impl Memorize {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_memorize(self);
+
+		self.value.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Forward {
+	pub body: Vec<Statement>,
+}
+
+impl Forward {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_forward(self);
+
+		for v in &self.body {
+			v.accept(visitor);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Backward {
+	pub body: Vec<Statement>,
+}
+
+impl Backward {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_backward(self);
+
+		for v in &self.body {
+			v.accept(visitor);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct If {
+	pub cond: Expression,
+	pub body: Vec<Statement>,
+	pub other: Option<Vec<Statement>>,
+}
+
+impl If {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_if(self);
+
+		self.cond.accept(visitor);
+
+		for v in &self.body {
+			v.accept(visitor);
+		}
+
+		if let Some(v) = &self.other {
+			for v in v {
+				v.accept(visitor);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Br {
+	pub target: u32,
+}
+
+impl Br {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_br(self);
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct BrIf {
+	pub cond: Expression,
+	pub target: u32,
+}
+
+impl BrIf {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_br_if(self);
+
+		self.cond.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct BrTable {
+	pub cond: Expression,
+	pub data: BrTableData,
+}
+
+impl BrTable {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_br_table(self);
+
+		self.cond.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Return {
+	pub list: Vec<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Return {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_return(self);
+
+		for v in &self.list {
+			v.accept(visitor);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Call {
+	pub func: u32,
+	pub result: Range<u32>,
+	pub param_list: Vec<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Call {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_call(self);
+
+		for v in &self.param_list {
+			v.accept(visitor);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct CallIndirect {
+	pub table: u8,
+	pub index: Expression,
+	pub result: Range<u32>,
+	pub param_list: Vec<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl CallIndirect {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_call_indirect(self);
+
+		self.index.accept(visitor);
+
+		for v in &self.param_list {
+			v.accept(visitor);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct SetLocal {
+	pub var: u32,
+	pub value: Expression,
+}
+
+impl SetLocal {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_set_local(self);
+
+		self.value.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct SetGlobal {
+	pub var: u32,
+	pub value: Expression,
+}
+
+impl SetGlobal {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_set_global(self);
+
+		self.value.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct AnyStore {
+	pub op: Store,
+	pub offset: u32,
+	pub pointer: Expression,
+	pub value: Expression,
+}
+
+impl AnyStore {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		visitor.visit_any_store(self);
+
+		self.pointer.accept(visitor);
+		self.value.accept(visitor);
+	}
+}
+
+pub enum Statement {
+	Unreachable,
+	Memorize(Memorize),
+	Forward(Forward),
+	Backward(Backward),
+	If(If),
+	Br(Br),
+	BrIf(BrIf),
+	BrTable(BrTable),
+	Return(Return),
+	Call(Call),
+	CallIndirect(CallIndirect),
+	SetLocal(SetLocal),
+	SetGlobal(SetGlobal),
+	AnyStore(AnyStore),
+}
+
+impl Statement {
+	fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		match self {
+			Statement::Unreachable => visitor.visit_unreachable(),
+			Statement::Memorize(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::Forward(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::Backward(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::If(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::Br(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::BrIf(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::BrTable(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::Return(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::Call(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::CallIndirect(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::SetLocal(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::SetGlobal(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+			Statement::AnyStore(v) => v.accept(visitor),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Function {
+	pub num_param: u32,
+	pub num_local: u32,
+	pub num_stack: u32,
+	pub body: Vec<Statement>,
+}
+
+impl Function {
+	pub fn accept<V: Visitor>(&self, visitor: &mut V) {
+		for v in &self.body {
+			v.accept(visitor);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/ast/mod.rs b/src/backend/ast/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b61030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/ast/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod data;
+mod operation;
+pub mod transformer;
diff --git a/src/backend/helper/operation.rs b/src/backend/ast/operation.rs
similarity index 69%
rename from src/backend/helper/operation.rs
rename to src/backend/ast/operation.rs
index 30f86eb..3561e3b 100644
--- a/src/backend/helper/operation.rs
+++ b/src/backend/ast/operation.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,8 @@ use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
 use parity_wasm::elements::Instruction;
 
-type Name = (&'static str, &'static str);
-
-pub trait Named {
-	fn as_name(&self) -> Name;
-}
-
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum Load {
 	I32,
 	I64,
@@ -26,23 +21,23 @@ pub enum Load {
 	I64_U32,
 }
 
-impl Named for Load {
-	fn as_name(&self) -> Name {
+impl Load {
+	pub fn as_name(self) -> &'static str {
 		match self {
-			Self::I32 => ("load", "i32"),
-			Self::I64 => ("load", "i64"),
-			Self::F32 => ("load", "f32"),
-			Self::F64 => ("load", "f64"),
-			Self::I32_I8 => ("load", "i32_i8"),
-			Self::I32_U8 => ("load", "i32_u8"),
-			Self::I32_I16 => ("load", "i32_i16"),
-			Self::I32_U16 => ("load", "i32_u16"),
-			Self::I64_I8 => ("load", "i64_i8"),
-			Self::I64_U8 => ("load", "i64_u8"),
-			Self::I64_I16 => ("load", "i64_i16"),
-			Self::I64_U16 => ("load", "i64_u16"),
-			Self::I64_I32 => ("load", "i64_i32"),
-			Self::I64_U32 => ("load", "i64_u32"),
+			Self::I32 => "i32",
+			Self::I64 => "i64",
+			Self::F32 => "f32",
+			Self::F64 => "f64",
+			Self::I32_I8 => "i32_i8",
+			Self::I32_U8 => "i32_u8",
+			Self::I32_I16 => "i32_i16",
+			Self::I32_U16 => "i32_u16",
+			Self::I64_I8 => "i64_i8",
+			Self::I64_U8 => "i64_u8",
+			Self::I64_I16 => "i64_i16",
+			Self::I64_U16 => "i64_u16",
+			Self::I64_I32 => "i64_i32",
+			Self::I64_U32 => "i64_u32",
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -74,6 +69,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&Instruction> for Load {
 }
 
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum Store {
 	I32,
 	I64,
@@ -86,18 +82,18 @@ pub enum Store {
 	I64_N32,
 }
 
-impl Named for Store {
-	fn as_name(&self) -> Name {
+impl Store {
+	pub fn as_name(self) -> &'static str {
 		match self {
-			Self::I32 => ("store", "i32"),
-			Self::I64 => ("store", "i64"),
-			Self::F32 => ("store", "f32"),
-			Self::F64 => ("store", "f64"),
-			Self::I32_N8 => ("store", "i32_n8"),
-			Self::I32_N16 => ("store", "i32_n16"),
-			Self::I64_N8 => ("store", "i64_n8"),
-			Self::I64_N16 => ("store", "i64_n16"),
-			Self::I64_N32 => ("store", "i64_n32"),
+			Self::I32 => "i32",
+			Self::I64 => "i64",
+			Self::F32 => "f32",
+			Self::F64 => "f64",
+			Self::I32_N8 => "i32_n8",
+			Self::I32_N16 => "i32_n16",
+			Self::I64_N8 => "i64_n8",
+			Self::I64_N16 => "i64_n16",
+			Self::I64_N32 => "i64_n32",
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -124,7 +120,10 @@ impl TryFrom<&Instruction> for Store {
 }
 
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum UnOp {
+	Eqz_I32,
+	Eqz_I64,
 	Clz_I32,
 	Ctz_I32,
 	Popcnt_I32,
@@ -132,6 +131,7 @@ pub enum UnOp {
 	Ctz_I64,
 	Popcnt_I64,
 	Abs_FN,
+	Neg_FN,
 	Ceil_FN,
 	Floor_FN,
 	Trunc_FN,
@@ -165,9 +165,20 @@ pub enum UnOp {
 	Reinterpret_F64_I64,
 }
 
-impl Named for UnOp {
-	fn as_name(&self) -> Name {
+impl UnOp {
+	pub fn as_operator(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+		let op = match self {
+			Self::Neg_FN => "-",
+			_ => return None,
+		};
+
+		Some(op)
+	}
+
+	pub fn as_name(self) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
 		match self {
+			Self::Eqz_I32 => ("eqz", "i32"),
+			Self::Eqz_I64 => ("eqz", "i64"),
 			Self::Clz_I32 => ("clz", "i32"),
 			Self::Ctz_I32 => ("ctz", "i32"),
 			Self::Popcnt_I32 => ("popcnt", "i32"),
@@ -175,10 +186,11 @@ impl Named for UnOp {
 			Self::Ctz_I64 => ("ctz", "i64"),
 			Self::Popcnt_I64 => ("popcnt", "i64"),
 			Self::Abs_FN => ("math", "abs"),
+			Self::Neg_FN => ("neg", "num"),
 			Self::Ceil_FN => ("math", "ceil"),
 			Self::Floor_FN => ("math", "floor"),
-			Self::Trunc_FN => ("trunc", "f"),
-			Self::Nearest_FN => ("nearest", "f"),
+			Self::Trunc_FN => ("trunc", "num"),
+			Self::Nearest_FN => ("nearest", "num"),
 			Self::Sqrt_FN => ("math", "sqrt"),
 			Self::Copysign_FN => ("math", "sign"),
 			Self::Wrap_I32_I64 => ("wrap", "i64_i32"),
@@ -215,6 +227,8 @@ impl TryFrom<&Instruction> for UnOp {
 
 	fn try_from(inst: &Instruction) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
 		let result = match inst {
+			Instruction::I32Eqz => Self::Eqz_I32,
+			Instruction::I64Eqz => Self::Eqz_I64,
 			Instruction::I32Clz => Self::Clz_I32,
 			Instruction::I32Ctz => Self::Ctz_I32,
 			Instruction::I32Popcnt => Self::Popcnt_I32,
@@ -222,6 +236,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&Instruction> for UnOp {
 			Instruction::I64Ctz => Self::Ctz_I64,
 			Instruction::I64Popcnt => Self::Popcnt_I64,
 			Instruction::F32Abs | Instruction::F64Abs => Self::Abs_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Neg | Instruction::F64Neg => Self::Neg_FN,
 			Instruction::F32Ceil | Instruction::F64Ceil => Self::Ceil_FN,
 			Instruction::F32Floor | Instruction::F64Floor => Self::Floor_FN,
 			Instruction::F32Trunc | Instruction::F64Trunc => Self::Trunc_FN,
@@ -261,15 +276,31 @@ impl TryFrom<&Instruction> for UnOp {
 }
 
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum BinOp {
+	Eq_I32,
+	Ne_I32,
+	LtS_I32,
 	LtU_I32,
+	GtS_I32,
 	GtU_I32,
+	LeS_I32,
 	LeU_I32,
+	GeS_I32,
 	GeU_I32,
+	Eq_I64,
+	Ne_I64,
+	LtS_I64,
 	LtU_I64,
+	GtS_I64,
 	GtU_I64,
+	LeS_I64,
 	LeU_I64,
+	GeS_I64,
 	GeU_I64,
+	Add_I32,
+	Sub_I32,
+	Mul_I32,
 	DivS_I32,
 	DivU_I32,
 	RemS_I32,
@@ -282,6 +313,9 @@ pub enum BinOp {
 	ShrU_I32,
 	Rotl_I32,
 	Rotr_I32,
+	Add_I64,
+	Sub_I64,
+	Mul_I64,
 	DivS_I64,
 	DivU_I64,
 	RemS_I64,
@@ -294,21 +328,59 @@ pub enum BinOp {
 	ShrU_I64,
 	Rotl_I64,
 	Rotr_I64,
+	Eq_FN,
+	Ne_FN,
+	Lt_FN,
+	Gt_FN,
+	Le_FN,
+	Ge_FN,
+	Add_FN,
+	Sub_FN,
+	Mul_FN,
+	Div_FN,
 	Min_FN,
 	Max_FN,
 }
 
-impl Named for BinOp {
-	fn as_name(&self) -> Name {
+impl BinOp {
+	pub fn as_operator(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+		let op = match self {
+			Self::Add_I32 | Self::Add_I64 | Self::Add_FN => "+",
+			Self::Sub_I32 | Self::Sub_I64 | Self::Sub_FN => "-",
+			Self::Mul_I32 | Self::Mul_I64 | Self::Mul_FN => "*",
+			Self::Div_FN => "/",
+			Self::RemS_I32 | Self::RemU_I32 | Self::RemS_I64 | Self::RemU_I64 => "%",
+			_ => return None,
+		};
+
+		Some(op)
+	}
+
+	pub fn as_name(self) -> (&'static str, &'static str) {
 		match self {
+			Self::Eq_I32 => ("eq", "i32"),
+			Self::Ne_I32 => ("ne", "i32"),
+			Self::LtS_I32 => ("lt", "i32"),
 			Self::LtU_I32 => ("lt", "u32"),
+			Self::GtS_I32 => ("gt", "i32"),
 			Self::GtU_I32 => ("gt", "u32"),
+			Self::LeS_I32 => ("le", "i32"),
 			Self::LeU_I32 => ("le", "u32"),
+			Self::GeS_I32 => ("ge", "i32"),
 			Self::GeU_I32 => ("ge", "u32"),
+			Self::Eq_I64 => ("eq", "i64"),
+			Self::Ne_I64 => ("ne", "i64"),
+			Self::LtS_I64 => ("lt", "i64"),
 			Self::LtU_I64 => ("lt", "u64"),
+			Self::GtS_I64 => ("gt", "i64"),
 			Self::GtU_I64 => ("gt", "u64"),
+			Self::LeS_I64 => ("le", "i64"),
 			Self::LeU_I64 => ("le", "u64"),
+			Self::GeS_I64 => ("ge", "i64"),
 			Self::GeU_I64 => ("ge", "u64"),
+			Self::Add_I32 => ("add", "i32"),
+			Self::Sub_I32 => ("sub", "i32"),
+			Self::Mul_I32 => ("mul", "i32"),
 			Self::DivS_I32 => ("div", "i32"),
 			Self::DivU_I32 => ("div", "u32"),
 			Self::RemS_I32 => ("rem", "i32"),
@@ -321,6 +393,9 @@ impl Named for BinOp {
 			Self::ShrU_I32 => ("shr", "u32"),
 			Self::Rotl_I32 => ("rotl", "i32"),
 			Self::Rotr_I32 => ("rotr", "i32"),
+			Self::Add_I64 => ("add", "i64"),
+			Self::Sub_I64 => ("sub", "i64"),
+			Self::Mul_I64 => ("mul", "i64"),
 			Self::DivS_I64 => ("div", "i64"),
 			Self::DivU_I64 => ("div", "u64"),
 			Self::RemS_I64 => ("rem", "i64"),
@@ -333,6 +408,16 @@ impl Named for BinOp {
 			Self::ShrU_I64 => ("shr", "u64"),
 			Self::Rotl_I64 => ("rotl", "i64"),
 			Self::Rotr_I64 => ("rotr", "i64"),
+			Self::Eq_FN => ("eq", "num"),
+			Self::Ne_FN => ("ne", "num"),
+			Self::Lt_FN => ("lt", "num"),
+			Self::Gt_FN => ("gt", "num"),
+			Self::Le_FN => ("le", "num"),
+			Self::Ge_FN => ("ge", "num"),
+			Self::Add_FN => ("add", "num"),
+			Self::Sub_FN => ("sub", "num"),
+			Self::Mul_FN => ("mul", "num"),
+			Self::Div_FN => ("div", "num"),
 			Self::Min_FN => ("math", "min"),
 			Self::Max_FN => ("math", "max"),
 		}
@@ -344,14 +429,29 @@ impl TryFrom<&Instruction> for BinOp {
 
 	fn try_from(inst: &Instruction) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
 		let result = match inst {
+			Instruction::I32Eq => Self::Eq_I32,
+			Instruction::I32Ne => Self::Ne_I32,
+			Instruction::I32LtS => Self::LtS_I32,
 			Instruction::I32LtU => Self::LtU_I32,
+			Instruction::I32GtS => Self::GtS_I32,
 			Instruction::I32GtU => Self::GtU_I32,
+			Instruction::I32LeS => Self::LeS_I32,
 			Instruction::I32LeU => Self::LeU_I32,
+			Instruction::I32GeS => Self::GeS_I32,
 			Instruction::I32GeU => Self::GeU_I32,
+			Instruction::I64Eq => Self::Eq_I64,
+			Instruction::I64Ne => Self::Ne_I64,
+			Instruction::I64LtS => Self::LtS_I64,
 			Instruction::I64LtU => Self::LtU_I64,
+			Instruction::I64GtS => Self::GtS_I64,
 			Instruction::I64GtU => Self::GtU_I64,
+			Instruction::I64LeS => Self::LeS_I64,
 			Instruction::I64LeU => Self::LeU_I64,
+			Instruction::I64GeS => Self::GeS_I64,
 			Instruction::I64GeU => Self::GeU_I64,
+			Instruction::I32Add => Self::Add_I32,
+			Instruction::I32Sub => Self::Sub_I32,
+			Instruction::I32Mul => Self::Mul_I32,
 			Instruction::I32DivS => Self::DivS_I32,
 			Instruction::I32DivU => Self::DivU_I32,
 			Instruction::I32RemS => Self::RemS_I32,
@@ -364,6 +464,9 @@ impl TryFrom<&Instruction> for BinOp {
 			Instruction::I32ShrU => Self::ShrU_I32,
 			Instruction::I32Rotl => Self::Rotl_I32,
 			Instruction::I32Rotr => Self::Rotr_I32,
+			Instruction::I64Add => Self::Add_I64,
+			Instruction::I64Sub => Self::Sub_I64,
+			Instruction::I64Mul => Self::Mul_I64,
 			Instruction::I64DivS => Self::DivS_I64,
 			Instruction::I64DivU => Self::DivU_I64,
 			Instruction::I64RemS => Self::RemS_I64,
@@ -376,6 +479,16 @@ impl TryFrom<&Instruction> for BinOp {
 			Instruction::I64ShrU => Self::ShrU_I64,
 			Instruction::I64Rotl => Self::Rotl_I64,
 			Instruction::I64Rotr => Self::Rotr_I64,
+			Instruction::F32Eq | Instruction::F64Eq => Self::Eq_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Ne | Instruction::F64Ne => Self::Ne_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Lt | Instruction::F64Lt => Self::Lt_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Gt | Instruction::F64Gt => Self::Gt_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Le | Instruction::F64Le => Self::Le_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Ge | Instruction::F64Ge => Self::Ge_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Add | Instruction::F64Add => Self::Add_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Sub | Instruction::F64Sub => Self::Sub_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Mul | Instruction::F64Mul => Self::Mul_FN,
+			Instruction::F32Div | Instruction::F64Div => Self::Div_FN,
 			Instruction::F32Min | Instruction::F64Min => Self::Min_FN,
 			Instruction::F32Max | Instruction::F64Max => Self::Max_FN,
 			_ => {
diff --git a/src/backend/ast/transformer.rs b/src/backend/ast/transformer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..968ce9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/ast/transformer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+use parity_wasm::elements::{Instruction, Local, Module};
+
+use crate::backend::translator::arity::{Arity, List as ArityList};
+
+use super::{
+	data::Memorize,
+	operation::{BinOp, UnOp},
+	{
+		data::{
+			AnyBinOp, AnyLoad, AnyStore, AnyUnOp, Backward, Br, BrIf, BrTable, Call, CallIndirect,
+			Expression, Forward, Function, GetGlobal, GetLocal, If, MemoryGrow, MemorySize, Return,
+			Select, SetGlobal, SetLocal, Statement, Value,
+		},
+		operation::{Load, Store},
+	},
+};
+
+pub struct Transformer<'a> {
+	// target state
+	wasm: &'a Module,
+	arity: &'a ArityList,
+	name: usize,
+
+	// translation state
+	sleeping: Vec<Vec<Expression>>,
+	living: Vec<Expression>,
+	last_stack: usize,
+}
+
+fn is_now_else(inst: &[Instruction]) -> bool {
+	inst.get(0) == Some(&Instruction::Else)
+}
+
+fn local_sum(list: &[Local]) -> u32 {
+	list.iter().map(Local::count).sum()
+}
+
+impl<'a> Transformer<'a> {
+	pub fn new(wasm: &'a Module, arity: &'a ArityList, name: usize) -> Transformer<'a> {
+		Transformer {
+			wasm,
+			arity,
+			name,
+			sleeping: Vec::new(),
+			living: Vec::new(),
+			last_stack: 0,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn consume(mut self) -> Function {
+		debug_assert!(self.name != usize::MAX, "Not an indexed value");
+
+		let func = &self.wasm.code_section().unwrap().bodies()[self.name];
+		let body = self.new_stored_body(&mut func.code().elements());
+
+		Function {
+			num_param: self.arity.in_arity[self.name].num_param,
+			num_local: local_sum(func.locals()),
+			num_stack: u32::try_from(self.last_stack).unwrap(),
+			body,
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn gen_push_recall(&mut self, num: u32) {
+		let len = self.living.len();
+
+		(len..len + num as usize)
+			.map(Expression::Recall)
+			.for_each(|v| self.living.push(v));
+	}
+
+	// If any expressions are still pending at the start of
+	// statement, we leak them into variables.
+	// Since expressions do not have set ordering rules, this is
+	// safe and condenses code.
+	fn gen_leak_pending(&mut self, stat: &mut Vec<Statement>) {
+		self.last_stack = self.last_stack.max(self.living.len());
+
+		for (i, v) in self
+			.living
+			.iter_mut()
+			.enumerate()
+			.filter(|v| !v.1.is_recalling(v.0))
+		{
+			let new = Expression::Recall(i);
+			let mem = Memorize {
+				var: i,
+				value: std::mem::replace(v, new),
+			};
+
+			stat.push(Statement::Memorize(mem));
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Pending expressions are put to sleep before entering
+	// a control structure so that they are not lost.
+	fn save_pending(&mut self) {
+		self.sleeping.push(self.living.clone());
+	}
+
+	fn load_pending(&mut self) {
+		let mut old = self.sleeping.pop().unwrap();
+
+		if self.living.len() > old.len() {
+			let rem = self.living.drain(old.len()..);
+
+			old.extend(rem);
+		}
+
+		self.living = old;
+	}
+
+	fn gen_return(&mut self, stat: &mut Vec<Statement>) {
+		let num = self.arity.in_arity[self.name].num_result as usize;
+		let list = self.living.split_off(self.living.len() - num);
+
+		self.gen_leak_pending(stat);
+		stat.push(Statement::Return(Return { list }));
+	}
+
+	fn gen_call(&mut self, func: u32, stat: &mut Vec<Statement>) {
+		let arity = self.arity.arity_of(func as usize);
+
+		let param_list = self
+			.living
+			.split_off(self.living.len() - arity.num_param as usize);
+
+		let len = u32::try_from(self.living.len()).unwrap();
+		let result = len..len + arity.num_result;
+
+		self.gen_push_recall(arity.num_result);
+		self.gen_leak_pending(stat);
+		stat.push(Statement::Call(Call {
+			func,
+			result,
+			param_list,
+		}));
+	}
+
+	fn gen_call_indirect(&mut self, typ: u32, table: u8, stat: &mut Vec<Statement>) {
+		let types = self.wasm.type_section().unwrap().types();
+		let arity = Arity::from_index(types, typ);
+
+		let index = self.living.pop().unwrap();
+		let param_list = self
+			.living
+			.split_off(self.living.len() - arity.num_param as usize);
+
+		let len = u32::try_from(self.living.len()).unwrap();
+		let result = len..len + arity.num_result;
+
+		self.gen_push_recall(arity.num_result);
+		self.gen_leak_pending(stat);
+		stat.push(Statement::CallIndirect(CallIndirect {
+			table,
+			index,
+			result,
+			param_list,
+		}));
+	}
+
+	fn push_load(&mut self, op: Load, offset: u32) {
+		let pointer = Box::new(self.living.pop().unwrap());
+
+		self.living.push(Expression::AnyLoad(AnyLoad {
+			op,
+			offset,
+			pointer,
+		}));
+	}
+
+	fn gen_store(&mut self, op: Store, offset: u32, stat: &mut Vec<Statement>) {
+		let value = self.living.pop().unwrap();
+		let pointer = self.living.pop().unwrap();
+
+		self.gen_leak_pending(stat);
+		stat.push(Statement::AnyStore(AnyStore {
+			op,
+			offset,
+			pointer,
+			value,
+		}));
+	}
+
+	fn push_constant(&mut self, value: Value) {
+		self.living.push(Expression::Value(value));
+	}
+
+	fn push_un_op(&mut self, op: UnOp) {
+		let rhs = Box::new(self.living.pop().unwrap());
+
+		self.living.push(Expression::AnyUnOp(AnyUnOp { op, rhs }));
+	}
+
+	fn push_bin_op(&mut self, op: BinOp) {
+		let rhs = Box::new(self.living.pop().unwrap());
+		let lhs = Box::new(self.living.pop().unwrap());
+
+		self.living
+			.push(Expression::AnyBinOp(AnyBinOp { op, lhs, rhs }));
+	}
+
+	fn new_body(&mut self, list: &mut &[Instruction]) -> Vec<Statement> {
+		use Instruction as Inst;
+
+		let mut stat = Vec::new();
+
+		while let Some(inst) = list.get(0) {
+			*list = &list[1..];
+
+			if let Ok(op) = UnOp::try_from(inst) {
+				self.push_un_op(op);
+
+				continue;
+			} else if let Ok(op) = BinOp::try_from(inst) {
+				self.push_bin_op(op);
+
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			match inst {
+				Inst::Nop => {}
+				Inst::Unreachable => {
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+					stat.push(Statement::Unreachable);
+				}
+				Inst::Block(_) => {
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+
+					let data = self.new_forward(list);
+
+					stat.push(Statement::Forward(data));
+				}
+				Inst::Loop(_) => {
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+
+					let data = self.new_backward(list);
+
+					stat.push(Statement::Backward(data));
+				}
+				Inst::If(_) => {
+					let cond = self.living.pop().unwrap();
+
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+
+					let data = self.new_if(cond, list);
+
+					stat.push(Statement::If(data));
+				}
+				Inst::Else => {
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+
+					break;
+				}
+				Inst::End => {
+					if list.is_empty() && !self.living.is_empty() {
+						self.gen_return(&mut stat);
+					} else {
+						self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+					}
+
+					break;
+				}
+				Inst::Br(i) => {
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+
+					stat.push(Statement::Br(Br { target: *i }));
+				}
+				Inst::BrIf(i) => {
+					let cond = self.living.pop().unwrap();
+
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+					stat.push(Statement::BrIf(BrIf { cond, target: *i }));
+				}
+				Inst::BrTable(t) => {
+					let cond = self.living.pop().unwrap();
+
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+					stat.push(Statement::BrTable(BrTable {
+						cond,
+						data: *t.clone(),
+					}));
+				}
+				Inst::Return => {
+					self.gen_return(&mut stat);
+				}
+				Inst::Call(i) => {
+					self.gen_call(*i, &mut stat);
+				}
+				Inst::CallIndirect(i, t) => {
+					self.gen_call_indirect(*i, *t, &mut stat);
+				}
+				Inst::Drop => {
+					self.living.pop().unwrap();
+				}
+				Inst::Select => {
+					let cond = Box::new(self.living.pop().unwrap());
+					let b = Box::new(self.living.pop().unwrap());
+					let a = Box::new(self.living.pop().unwrap());
+
+					self.living.push(Expression::Select(Select { cond, a, b }));
+				}
+				Inst::GetLocal(i) => {
+					self.living.push(Expression::GetLocal(GetLocal { var: *i }));
+				}
+				Inst::SetLocal(i) => {
+					let value = self.living.pop().unwrap();
+
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+					stat.push(Statement::SetLocal(SetLocal { var: *i, value }));
+				}
+				Inst::TeeLocal(i) => {
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+
+					let value = self.living.last().unwrap().clone();
+
+					stat.push(Statement::SetLocal(SetLocal { var: *i, value }));
+				}
+				Inst::GetGlobal(i) => {
+					self.living
+						.push(Expression::GetGlobal(GetGlobal { var: *i }));
+				}
+				Inst::SetGlobal(i) => {
+					let value = self.living.pop().unwrap();
+
+					stat.push(Statement::SetGlobal(SetGlobal { var: *i, value }));
+				}
+				Inst::I32Load(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I32, *o),
+				Inst::I64Load(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I64, *o),
+				Inst::F32Load(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::F32, *o),
+				Inst::F64Load(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::F64, *o),
+				Inst::I32Load8S(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I32_I8, *o),
+				Inst::I32Load8U(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I32_U8, *o),
+				Inst::I32Load16S(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I32_I16, *o),
+				Inst::I32Load16U(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I32_U16, *o),
+				Inst::I64Load8S(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I64_I8, *o),
+				Inst::I64Load8U(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I64_U8, *o),
+				Inst::I64Load16S(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I64_I16, *o),
+				Inst::I64Load16U(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I64_U16, *o),
+				Inst::I64Load32S(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I64_I32, *o),
+				Inst::I64Load32U(_, o) => self.push_load(Load::I64_U32, *o),
+				Inst::I32Store(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::I32, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::I64Store(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::I64, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::F32Store(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::F32, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::F64Store(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::F64, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::I32Store8(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::I32_N8, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::I32Store16(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::I32_N16, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::I64Store8(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::I64_N8, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::I64Store16(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::I64_N16, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::I64Store32(_, o) => self.gen_store(Store::I64_N32, *o, &mut stat),
+				Inst::CurrentMemory(i) => {
+					self.living
+						.push(Expression::MemorySize(MemorySize { memory: *i }));
+				}
+				Inst::GrowMemory(i) => {
+					let value = Box::new(self.living.pop().unwrap());
+
+					// `MemoryGrow` is an expression *but* it has side effects
+					self.gen_leak_pending(&mut stat);
+					self.living
+						.push(Expression::MemoryGrow(MemoryGrow { memory: *i, value }));
+				}
+				Inst::I32Const(v) => self.push_constant(Value::I32(*v)),
+				Inst::I64Const(v) => self.push_constant(Value::I64(*v)),
+				Inst::F32Const(v) => self.push_constant(Value::F32(f32::from_bits(*v))),
+				Inst::F64Const(v) => self.push_constant(Value::F64(f64::from_bits(*v))),
+				_ => unreachable!(),
+			}
+		}
+
+		stat
+	}
+
+	fn new_stored_body(&mut self, list: &mut &[Instruction]) -> Vec<Statement> {
+		self.save_pending();
+
+		let body = self.new_body(list);
+
+		self.load_pending();
+
+		body
+	}
+
+	fn new_if(&mut self, cond: Expression, list: &mut &[Instruction]) -> If {
+		let body = self.new_stored_body(list);
+		let other = is_now_else(list).then(|| {
+			*list = &list[1..];
+			self.new_stored_body(list)
+		});
+
+		If { cond, body, other }
+	}
+
+	fn new_backward(&mut self, list: &mut &[Instruction]) -> Backward {
+		Backward {
+			body: self.new_stored_body(list),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn new_forward(&mut self, list: &mut &[Instruction]) -> Forward {
+		Forward {
+			body: self.new_stored_body(list),
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/edition/data.rs b/src/backend/edition/data.rs
index 88762c9..51b5cee 100644
--- a/src/backend/edition/data.rs
+++ b/src/backend/edition/data.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-use std::{fmt::Display, io::Result};
-
-use crate::backend::helper::writer::Writer;
+use std::{
+	fmt::Display,
+	io::{Result, Write},
+};
 
 use super::{luajit::LuaJIT, luau::Luau};
 
@@ -28,15 +29,15 @@ where
 pub trait Edition {
 	fn runtime(&self) -> &'static str;
 
-	fn start_block(&self, w: Writer) -> Result<()>;
-	fn start_loop(&self, level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()>;
-	fn start_if(&self, cond: &str, w: Writer) -> Result<()>;
-	fn end_block(&self, level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()>;
-	fn end_loop(&self, w: Writer) -> Result<()>;
-	fn end_if(&self, level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()>;
+	fn start_block(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>;
+	fn start_loop(&self, level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>;
+	fn start_if(&self, cond: &str, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>;
+	fn end_block(&self, level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>;
+	fn end_loop(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>;
+	fn end_if(&self, level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>;
 
-	fn br_target(&self, level: usize, in_loop: bool, w: Writer) -> Result<()>;
-	fn br_to_level(&self, level: usize, up: usize, is_loop: bool, w: Writer) -> Result<()>;
+	fn br_target(&self, level: usize, in_loop: bool, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>;
+	fn br_to_level(&self, level: usize, up: usize, is_loop: bool, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>;
 
 	fn i64(&self, i: i64) -> Infix<i64>;
 }
diff --git a/src/backend/edition/luajit.rs b/src/backend/edition/luajit.rs
index 4e52983..36e0016 100644
--- a/src/backend/edition/luajit.rs
+++ b/src/backend/edition/luajit.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use std::io::Result;
-
-use crate::backend::helper::writer::Writer;
+use std::io::{Result, Write};
 
 use super::data::{Edition, Infix};
 
@@ -11,38 +9,44 @@ impl Edition for LuaJIT {
 		"'luajit'"
 	}
 
-	fn start_block(&self, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn start_block(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "do ")
 	}
 
-	fn start_loop(&self, level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn start_loop(&self, level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "do ")?;
 		write!(w, "::continue_at_{}::", level)
 	}
 
-	fn start_if(&self, cond: &str, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn start_if(&self, cond: &str, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "if {} ~= 0 then ", cond)
 	}
 
-	fn end_block(&self, level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn end_block(&self, level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "::continue_at_{}::", level)?;
 		write!(w, "end ")
 	}
 
-	fn end_loop(&self, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn end_loop(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "end ")
 	}
 
-	fn end_if(&self, level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn end_if(&self, level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "::continue_at_{}::", level)?;
 		write!(w, "end ")
 	}
 
-	fn br_target(&self, _level: usize, _in_loop: bool, _w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn br_target(&self, _level: usize, _in_loop: bool, _w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		Ok(())
 	}
 
-	fn br_to_level(&self, level: usize, up: usize, _is_loop: bool, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn br_to_level(
+		&self,
+		level: usize,
+		up: usize,
+		_is_loop: bool,
+		w: &mut dyn Write,
+	) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "goto continue_at_{} ", level - up)
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/backend/edition/luau.rs b/src/backend/edition/luau.rs
index 1a5f338..00b4adc 100644
--- a/src/backend/edition/luau.rs
+++ b/src/backend/edition/luau.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use std::io::Result;
-
-use crate::backend::helper::writer::Writer;
+use std::io::{Result, Write};
 
 use super::data::{Edition, Infix};
 
@@ -11,36 +9,36 @@ impl Edition for Luau {
 		"script.Runtime"
 	}
 
-	fn start_block(&self, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn start_block(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "while true do ")
 	}
 
-	fn start_loop(&self, _level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn start_loop(&self, _level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "while true do ")
 	}
 
-	fn start_if(&self, cond: &str, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn start_if(&self, cond: &str, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "while true do ")?;
 		write!(w, "if {} ~= 0 then ", cond)
 	}
 
-	fn end_block(&self, _level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn end_block(&self, _level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "break ")?;
 		write!(w, "end ")
 	}
 
-	fn end_loop(&self, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn end_loop(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "break ")?;
 		write!(w, "end ")
 	}
 
-	fn end_if(&self, _level: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn end_if(&self, _level: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "end ")?;
 		write!(w, "break ")?;
 		write!(w, "end ")
 	}
 
-	fn br_target(&self, level: usize, in_loop: bool, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn br_target(&self, level: usize, in_loop: bool, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "if desired then ")?;
 		write!(w, "if desired == {} then ", level)?;
 		write!(w, "desired = nil ")?;
@@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ impl Edition for Luau {
 		write!(w, "end ")
 	}
 
-	fn br_to_level(&self, level: usize, up: usize, is_loop: bool, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
+	fn br_to_level(&self, level: usize, up: usize, is_loop: bool, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
 		write!(w, "do ")?;
 
 		if up == 0 {
diff --git a/src/backend/helper/mod.rs b/src/backend/helper/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f9760fb..0000000
--- a/src/backend/helper/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-pub mod operation;
-pub mod register;
-pub mod writer;
diff --git a/src/backend/helper/register.rs b/src/backend/helper/register.rs
deleted file mode 100755
index 3fc33e3..0000000
--- a/src/backend/helper/register.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-pub struct Register {
-	pub last: u32,
-	pub inner: u32,
-	saved: Vec<u32>,
-}
-
-impl Register {
-	pub fn new() -> Self {
-		Self {
-			last: 0,
-			inner: 0,
-			saved: vec![0],
-		}
-	}
-
-	fn extend(&mut self) {
-		self.last = self.last.max(self.inner);
-	}
-
-	pub fn save(&mut self) {
-		self.saved.push(self.inner);
-	}
-
-	pub fn load(&mut self) {
-		self.inner = self.saved.pop().unwrap();
-	}
-
-	pub fn push(&mut self, n: u32) -> u32 {
-		let prev = self.inner;
-
-		self.inner = self.inner.checked_add(n).unwrap();
-		self.extend();
-
-		prev
-	}
-
-	pub fn pop(&mut self, n: u32) -> u32 {
-		self.inner = self.inner.checked_sub(n).unwrap();
-		self.inner
-	}
-}
diff --git a/src/backend/helper/writer.rs b/src/backend/helper/writer.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 86e16b4..0000000
--- a/src/backend/helper/writer.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-use std::io::{Result, Write};
-
-pub type Writer<'a> = &'a mut dyn Write;
-
-pub fn ordered_iter(prefix: &'static str, end: u32) -> impl Iterator<Item = String> {
-	(1..=end).map(move |i| format!("{}_{}", prefix, i))
-}
-
-pub fn write_ordered(prefix: &'static str, end: u32, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	let mut iter = ordered_iter(prefix, end);
-
-	if let Some(s) = iter.next() {
-		write!(w, "{}", s)?;
-	}
-
-	iter.try_for_each(|s| write!(w, ", {}", s))
-}
diff --git a/src/backend/mod.rs b/src/backend/mod.rs
index 5725e11..3bb5960 100644
--- a/src/backend/mod.rs
+++ b/src/backend/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
+mod ast;
 pub mod edition;
-pub mod helper;
 pub mod translator;
-pub mod visitor;
+mod visitor;
diff --git a/src/backend/translator/arity.rs b/src/backend/translator/arity.rs
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b93e335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/translator/arity.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use std::convert::TryInto;
+
+use parity_wasm::elements::{External, FunctionType, ImportEntry, Module, Type};
+
+pub struct Arity {
+	pub num_param: u32,
+	pub num_result: u32,
+}
+
+impl Arity {
+	fn from_type(typ: &FunctionType) -> Self {
+		let num_param = typ.params().len().try_into().unwrap();
+		let num_result = typ.results().len().try_into().unwrap();
+
+		Self {
+			num_param,
+			num_result,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn from_index(types: &[Type], index: u32) -> Self {
+		let Type::Function(typ) = &types[index as usize];
+
+		Self::from_type(typ)
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct List {
+	pub ex_arity: Vec<Arity>,
+	pub in_arity: Vec<Arity>,
+}
+
+impl List {
+	pub fn new(parent: &Module) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			ex_arity: Self::new_arity_ex_list(parent),
+			in_arity: Self::new_arity_in_list(parent),
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn arity_of(&self, index: usize) -> &Arity {
+		let offset = self.ex_arity.len();
+
+		self.ex_arity
+			.get(index)
+			.or_else(|| self.in_arity.get(index - offset))
+			.unwrap()
+	}
+
+	fn new_arity_ext(types: &[Type], import: &ImportEntry) -> Option<Arity> {
+		if let External::Function(i) = import.external() {
+			Some(Arity::from_index(types, *i))
+		} else {
+			None
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn new_arity_in_list(wasm: &Module) -> Vec<Arity> {
+		let (types, funcs) = match (wasm.type_section(), wasm.function_section()) {
+			(Some(t), Some(f)) => (t.types(), f.entries()),
+			_ => return Vec::new(),
+		};
+
+		funcs
+			.iter()
+			.map(|i| Arity::from_index(types, i.type_ref()))
+			.collect()
+	}
+
+	fn new_arity_ex_list(wasm: &Module) -> Vec<Arity> {
+		let (types, imports) = match (wasm.type_section(), wasm.import_section()) {
+			(Some(t), Some(i)) => (t.types(), i.entries()),
+			_ => return Vec::new(),
+		};
+
+		imports
+			.iter()
+			.filter_map(|i| Self::new_arity_ext(types, i))
+			.collect()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/translator/data.rs b/src/backend/translator/data.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c01759f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/translator/data.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+use std::io::{Result, Write};
+
+use parity_wasm::elements::{
+	External, ImportCountType, Instruction, Internal, Module as WasmModule, ResizableLimits,
+};
+
+use crate::backend::{ast::transformer::Transformer, edition::data::Edition};
+
+use super::{arity::List as ArityList, writer::Data};
+
+fn aux_internal_index(internal: Internal) -> u32 {
+	match internal {
+		Internal::Function(v) | Internal::Table(v) | Internal::Memory(v) | Internal::Global(v) => v,
+	}
+}
+
+fn gen_table_init(limit: &ResizableLimits, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+	write!(w, "{{ min = {}", limit.initial())?;
+
+	if let Some(max) = limit.maximum() {
+		write!(w, ", max = {}", max)?;
+	}
+
+	write!(w, ", data = {{}} }}")
+}
+
+fn gen_memory_init(limit: &ResizableLimits, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+	write!(w, "rt.memory.new({}, ", limit.initial())?;
+
+	if let Some(max) = limit.maximum() {
+		write!(w, "{}", max)?;
+	} else {
+		write!(w, "nil")?;
+	}
+
+	write!(w, ")")
+}
+
+fn gen_nil_array(name: &str, len: usize, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+	if len == 0 {
+		return Ok(());
+	}
+
+	write!(w, "local {} = {{[0] = {}}}", name, "nil, ".repeat(len))
+}
+
+pub fn gen_expression(code: &[Instruction], w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+	assert!(code.len() == 2);
+
+	let inst = code.first().unwrap();
+
+	match *inst {
+		Instruction::I32Const(v) => write!(w, "{} ", v),
+		Instruction::I64Const(v) => write!(w, "{} ", v),
+		Instruction::F32Const(v) => write!(w, "{} ", f32::from_bits(v)),
+		Instruction::F64Const(v) => write!(w, "{} ", f64::from_bits(v)),
+		Instruction::GetGlobal(i) => write!(w, "GLOBAL_LIST[{}].value ", i),
+		_ => unreachable!(),
+	}
+}
+
+pub struct Module<'a> {
+	wasm: &'a WasmModule,
+	arity: ArityList,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Module<'a> {
+	pub fn new(wasm: &'a WasmModule) -> Self {
+		let arity = ArityList::new(wasm);
+
+		Self { wasm, arity }
+	}
+
+	fn gen_import_of<T>(&self, w: &mut dyn Write, lower: &str, cond: T) -> Result<()>
+	where
+		T: Fn(&External) -> bool,
+	{
+		let import = match self.wasm.import_section() {
+			Some(v) => v.entries(),
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		};
+		let upper = lower.to_uppercase();
+
+		for (i, v) in import.iter().filter(|v| cond(v.external())).enumerate() {
+			let field = v.field();
+			let module = v.module();
+
+			write!(w, "{}[{}] = wasm.{}.{}.{} ", upper, i, module, lower, field)?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn gen_export_of<T>(&self, w: &mut dyn Write, lower: &str, cond: T) -> Result<()>
+	where
+		T: Fn(&Internal) -> bool,
+	{
+		let export = match self.wasm.export_section() {
+			Some(v) => v.entries(),
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		};
+		let upper = lower.to_uppercase();
+
+		write!(w, "{} = {{", lower)?;
+
+		for v in export.iter().filter(|v| cond(v.internal())) {
+			let field = v.field();
+			let index = aux_internal_index(*v.internal());
+
+			write!(w, "{} = {}[{}],", field, upper, index)?;
+		}
+
+		write!(w, "}},")
+	}
+
+	fn gen_import_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		self.gen_import_of(w, "func_list", |v| matches!(v, External::Function(_)))?;
+		self.gen_import_of(w, "table_list", |v| matches!(v, External::Table(_)))?;
+		self.gen_import_of(w, "memory_list", |v| matches!(v, External::Memory(_)))?;
+		self.gen_import_of(w, "global_list", |v| matches!(v, External::Global(_)))
+	}
+
+	fn gen_export_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		self.gen_export_of(w, "func_list", |v| matches!(v, Internal::Function(_)))?;
+		self.gen_export_of(w, "table_list", |v| matches!(v, Internal::Table(_)))?;
+		self.gen_export_of(w, "memory_list", |v| matches!(v, Internal::Memory(_)))?;
+		self.gen_export_of(w, "global_list", |v| matches!(v, Internal::Global(_)))
+	}
+
+	fn gen_table_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let table = match self.wasm.table_section() {
+			Some(v) => v.entries(),
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		};
+		let offset = self.wasm.import_count(ImportCountType::Table);
+
+		for (i, v) in table.iter().enumerate() {
+			let index = i + offset;
+
+			write!(w, "TABLE_LIST[{}] =", index)?;
+			gen_table_init(v.limits(), w)?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn gen_memory_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let memory = match self.wasm.memory_section() {
+			Some(v) => v.entries(),
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		};
+		let offset = self.wasm.import_count(ImportCountType::Memory);
+
+		for (i, v) in memory.iter().enumerate() {
+			let index = i + offset;
+
+			write!(w, "MEMORY_LIST[{}] =", index)?;
+			gen_memory_init(v.limits(), w)?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn gen_global_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let global = match self.wasm.global_section() {
+			Some(v) => v,
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		};
+		let offset = self.wasm.import_count(ImportCountType::Global);
+
+		for (i, v) in global.entries().iter().enumerate() {
+			let index = i + offset;
+
+			write!(w, "GLOBAL_LIST[{}] = {{ value =", index)?;
+
+			gen_expression(v.init_expr().code(), w)?;
+
+			write!(w, "}}")?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn gen_element_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let element = match self.wasm.elements_section() {
+			Some(v) => v.entries(),
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		};
+
+		for v in element {
+			write!(w, "do ")?;
+			write!(w, "local target = TABLE_LIST[{}].data ", v.index())?;
+			write!(w, "local offset =")?;
+
+			gen_expression(v.offset().as_ref().unwrap().code(), w)?;
+
+			for (i, f) in v.members().iter().enumerate() {
+				write!(w, "target[offset + {}] = FUNC_LIST[{}]", i, f)?;
+			}
+
+			write!(w, "end ")?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn gen_data_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let data = match self.wasm.data_section() {
+			Some(v) => v.entries(),
+			None => return Ok(()),
+		};
+
+		for v in data {
+			write!(w, "do ")?;
+			write!(w, "local target = MEMORY_LIST[{}]", v.index())?;
+			write!(w, "local offset =")?;
+
+			gen_expression(v.offset().as_ref().unwrap().code(), w)?;
+
+			write!(w, "local data = \"")?;
+
+			v.value()
+				.iter()
+				.try_for_each(|v| write!(w, "\\x{:02X}", v))?;
+
+			write!(w, "\"")?;
+
+			write!(w, "rt.memory.init(target, offset, data)")?;
+
+			write!(w, "end ")?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn gen_start_point(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "local function run_init_code()")?;
+		self.gen_table_list(w)?;
+		self.gen_memory_list(w)?;
+		self.gen_global_list(w)?;
+		self.gen_element_list(w)?;
+		self.gen_data_list(w)?;
+		write!(w, "end ")?;
+
+		write!(w, "return function(wasm)")?;
+		self.gen_import_list(w)?;
+		write!(w, "run_init_code()")?;
+
+		if let Some(start) = self.wasm.start_section() {
+			write!(w, "FUNC_LIST[{}]()", start)?;
+		}
+
+		write!(w, "return {{")?;
+		self.gen_export_list(w)?;
+		write!(w, "}} end ")
+	}
+
+	pub fn translate(&self, ed: &dyn Edition, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "local rt = require({})", ed.runtime())?;
+
+		gen_nil_array("FUNC_LIST", self.wasm.functions_space(), w)?;
+		gen_nil_array("TABLE_LIST", self.wasm.table_space(), w)?;
+		gen_nil_array("MEMORY_LIST", self.wasm.memory_space(), w)?;
+		gen_nil_array("GLOBAL_LIST", self.wasm.globals_space(), w)?;
+
+		let offset = self.arity.ex_arity.len();
+
+		for i in 0..self.arity.in_arity.len() {
+			let func = Transformer::new(self.wasm, &self.arity, i).consume();
+			let data = &mut Data::new(func.num_param, ed);
+
+			write!(w, "FUNC_LIST[{}] =", i + offset)?;
+
+			func.output(data, w)?;
+		}
+
+		self.gen_start_point(w)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/translator/level_1.rs b/src/backend/translator/level_1.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2315203..0000000
--- a/src/backend/translator/level_1.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,483 +0,0 @@
-use std::{fmt::Display, io::Result, ops::Range};
-
-use parity_wasm::elements::{BrTableData, Instruction};
-
-use crate::{
-	backend::{
-		edition::data::Edition,
-		helper::{register::Register, writer::Writer},
-	},
-	data::{Arity, Code, Module},
-};
-
-pub fn list_to_range(list: &[u32]) -> Vec<(Range<usize>, u32)> {
-	let mut result = Vec::new();
-	let mut index = 0;
-
-	while index < list.len() {
-		let start = index;
-
-		loop {
-			index += 1;
-
-			// if end of list or next value is not equal, break
-			if index == list.len() || list[index - 1] != list[index] {
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-
-		result.push((start..index, list[start]));
-	}
-
-	result
-}
-
-#[derive(PartialEq)]
-pub enum Label {
-	Block,
-	If,
-	Loop,
-}
-
-pub struct Body<'a> {
-	spec: &'a dyn Edition,
-	label_list: Vec<Label>,
-	pub reg: Register,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Body<'a> {
-	pub fn new(spec: &'a dyn Edition, base: u32) -> Self {
-		let mut reg = Register::new();
-
-		reg.push(base);
-
-		Self {
-			spec,
-			reg,
-			label_list: vec![],
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn generate(&mut self, index: usize, m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		m.code[index]
-			.inst_list
-			.iter()
-			.try_for_each(|v| self.gen_inst(index, v, m, w))
-	}
-
-	fn gen_jump(&mut self, up: u32, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let up = up as usize;
-		let level = self.label_list.len() - 1;
-		let is_loop = self.label_list[level - up] == Label::Loop;
-
-		self.spec.br_to_level(level, up, is_loop, w)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_br_if(&mut self, i: u32, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let cond = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-		write!(w, "if {} ~= 0 then ", cond)?;
-		self.gen_jump(i, w)?;
-		write!(w, "end ")
-	}
-
-	fn gen_br_table(&mut self, data: &BrTableData, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let reg = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-		for (r, t) in list_to_range(&data.table) {
-			if r.len() == 1 {
-				write!(w, "if {} == {} then ", reg, r.start)?;
-			} else {
-				write!(w, "if {0} >= {1} and {0} <= {2} then ", reg, r.start, r.end)?;
-			}
-
-			self.gen_jump(t, w)?;
-			write!(w, "else")?;
-		}
-
-		write!(w, " ")?;
-		self.gen_jump(data.default, w)?;
-		write!(w, "end ")
-	}
-
-	fn gen_load(&mut self, t: &str, o: u32, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let reg = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-		self.reg.push(1);
-
-		write!(w, "{0} = load_{1}(memory_at_0, {0} + {2}) ", reg, t, o)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_store(&mut self, t: &str, o: u32, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let val = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-		let reg = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-		write!(w, "store_{}(memory_at_0, {} + {}, {}) ", t, reg, o, val)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_const<T: Display>(&mut self, val: T, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let reg = f.var_name_of(self.reg.push(1));
-
-		write!(w, "{} = {} ", reg, val)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_compare(&mut self, op: &str, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let rhs = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-		let lhs = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-		self.reg.push(1);
-
-		write!(w, "{1} = {1} {0} {2} and 1 or 0 ", op, lhs, rhs)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_unop_ex(&mut self, op: &str, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let reg = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-		self.reg.push(1);
-
-		write!(w, "{1} = {0}({1}) ", op, reg)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_binop(&mut self, op: &str, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let rhs = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-		let lhs = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-		self.reg.push(1);
-
-		write!(w, "{1} = {1} {0} {2} ", op, lhs, rhs)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_binop_ex(&mut self, op: &str, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let rhs = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-		let lhs = f.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-		self.reg.push(1);
-
-		write!(w, "{1} = {0}({1}, {2}) ", op, lhs, rhs)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_call(&mut self, name: &str, f: &Code, a: &Arity, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let bottom = self.reg.pop(a.num_param);
-
-		self.reg.push(a.num_result);
-
-		if a.num_result != 0 {
-			let result = f.var_range_of(bottom, a.num_result).join(", ");
-
-			write!(w, "{} =", result)?;
-		}
-
-		if a.num_param == 0 {
-			write!(w, "{}()", name)
-		} else {
-			let param = f.var_range_of(bottom, a.num_param).join(", ");
-
-			write!(w, "{}({})", name, param)
-		}
-	}
-
-	fn gen_return(&mut self, num: u32, f: &Code, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let top = self.reg.inner;
-		let list = f.var_range_of(top - num, num).join(", ");
-
-		self.reg.pop(num); // technically a no-op
-
-		write!(w, "do return {} end ", list)
-	}
-
-	fn gen_inst(&mut self, index: usize, i: &Instruction, m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-		let func = &m.code[index];
-
-		match i {
-			Instruction::Unreachable => write!(w, "error('unreachable code entered')"),
-			Instruction::Nop => {
-				// no code
-				Ok(())
-			}
-			Instruction::Block(_) => {
-				self.reg.save();
-				self.label_list.push(Label::Block);
-
-				self.spec.start_block(w)
-			}
-			Instruction::Loop(_) => {
-				self.reg.save();
-				self.label_list.push(Label::Loop);
-
-				self.spec.start_loop(self.label_list.len() - 1, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::If(_) => {
-				let cond = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-				self.reg.save();
-				self.label_list.push(Label::If);
-
-				self.spec.start_if(&cond, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::Else => {
-				self.reg.load();
-				self.reg.save();
-
-				write!(w, "else ")
-			}
-			Instruction::End => {
-				let rem = self.label_list.len().saturating_sub(1);
-
-				match self.label_list.pop() {
-					Some(Label::Block) => self.spec.end_block(rem, w)?,
-					Some(Label::If) => self.spec.end_if(rem, w)?,
-					Some(Label::Loop) => self.spec.end_loop(w)?,
-					None => {
-						let num = m.in_arity[index].num_result;
-
-						if num != 0 {
-							self.gen_return(num, func, w)?;
-						}
-
-						write!(w, "end ")?;
-					}
-				}
-
-				self.reg.load();
-
-				match self.label_list.last() {
-					Some(Label::Block | Label::If) => self.spec.br_target(rem, false, w),
-					Some(Label::Loop) => self.spec.br_target(rem, true, w),
-					None => Ok(()),
-				}
-			}
-			Instruction::Br(i) => self.gen_jump(*i, w),
-			Instruction::BrIf(i) => self.gen_br_if(*i, func, w),
-			Instruction::BrTable(data) => self.gen_br_table(data, func, w),
-			Instruction::Return => {
-				let num = m.in_arity[index].num_result;
-
-				self.gen_return(num, func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::Call(i) => {
-				let name = format!("FUNC_LIST[{}]", i);
-				let arity = m.arity_of(*i as usize);
-
-				self.gen_call(&name, func, arity, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::CallIndirect(i, t) => {
-				let index = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-				let name = format!("TABLE_LIST[{}].data[{}]", t, index);
-				let types = m.parent.type_section().unwrap().types();
-				let arity = Arity::from_index(types, *i);
-
-				self.gen_call(&name, func, &arity, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::Drop => {
-				self.reg.pop(1);
-
-				Ok(())
-			}
-			Instruction::Select => {
-				let cond = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-				let v2 = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-				let v1 = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-				self.reg.push(1);
-
-				write!(w, "if {} == 0 then ", cond)?;
-				write!(w, "{} = {} ", v1, v2)?;
-				write!(w, "end ")
-			}
-			Instruction::GetLocal(i) => {
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.push(1));
-				let var = func.var_name_of(*i);
-
-				write!(w, "{} = {} ", reg, var)
-			}
-			Instruction::SetLocal(i) => {
-				let var = func.var_name_of(*i);
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-				write!(w, "{} = {} ", var, reg)
-			}
-			Instruction::TeeLocal(i) => {
-				let var = func.var_name_of(*i);
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-				self.reg.push(1);
-
-				write!(w, "{} = {} ", var, reg)
-			}
-			Instruction::GetGlobal(i) => {
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.push(1));
-
-				write!(w, "{} = GLOBAL_LIST[{}].value ", reg, i)
-			}
-			Instruction::SetGlobal(i) => {
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-				write!(w, "GLOBAL_LIST[{}].value = {} ", i, reg)
-			}
-			Instruction::I32Load(_, o) => self.gen_load("i32", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Load(_, o) => self.gen_load("i64", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Load(_, o) => self.gen_load("f32", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::F64Load(_, o) => self.gen_load("f64", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Load8S(_, o) => self.gen_load("i32_i8", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Load8U(_, o) => self.gen_load("i32_u8", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Load16S(_, o) => self.gen_load("i32_i16", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Load16U(_, o) => self.gen_load("i32_u16", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Load8S(_, o) => self.gen_load("i64_i8", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Load8U(_, o) => self.gen_load("i64_u8", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Load16S(_, o) => self.gen_load("i64_i16", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Load16U(_, o) => self.gen_load("i64_u16", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Load32S(_, o) => self.gen_load("i64_i32", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Load32U(_, o) => self.gen_load("i64_u32", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Store(_, o) => self.gen_store("i32", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Store(_, o) => self.gen_store("i64", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Store(_, o) => self.gen_store("f32", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::F64Store(_, o) => self.gen_store("f64", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Store8(_, o) => self.gen_store("i32_n8", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Store16(_, o) => self.gen_store("i32_n16", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Store8(_, o) => self.gen_store("i64_n8", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Store16(_, o) => self.gen_store("i64_n16", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Store32(_, o) => self.gen_store("i64_n32", *o, func, w),
-			Instruction::CurrentMemory(index) => {
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.push(1));
-
-				write!(w, "{} = rt.memory.size(memory_at_{})", reg, index)
-			}
-			Instruction::GrowMemory(index) => {
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-				self.reg.push(1);
-
-				write!(w, "{0} = rt.memory.grow(memory_at_{1}, {0})", reg, index)
-			}
-			Instruction::I32Const(v) => self.gen_const(v, func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Const(v) => self.gen_const(self.spec.i64(*v), func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Const(v) => self.gen_const(f32::from_bits(*v), func, w),
-			Instruction::F64Const(v) => self.gen_const(f64::from_bits(*v), func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Eqz | Instruction::I64Eqz => {
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-				self.reg.push(1);
-
-				write!(w, "{} = {} == 0 and 1 or 0 ", reg, reg)
-			}
-			Instruction::I32Eq | Instruction::I64Eq | Instruction::F32Eq | Instruction::F64Eq => {
-				self.gen_compare("==", func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::I32Ne | Instruction::I64Ne | Instruction::F32Ne | Instruction::F64Ne => {
-				self.gen_compare("~=", func, w)
-			}
-			// note that signed comparisons of all types behave the same so
-			// they can be condensed using Lua's operators
-			Instruction::I32LtU => self.gen_binop_ex("lt_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32LtS | Instruction::I64LtS | Instruction::F32Lt | Instruction::F64Lt => {
-				self.gen_compare("<", func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::I32GtU => self.gen_binop_ex("gt_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32GtS | Instruction::I64GtS | Instruction::F32Gt | Instruction::F64Gt => {
-				self.gen_compare(">", func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::I32LeU => self.gen_binop_ex("le_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32LeS | Instruction::I64LeS | Instruction::F32Le | Instruction::F64Le => {
-				self.gen_compare("<=", func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::I32GeU => self.gen_binop_ex("ge_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32GeS | Instruction::I64GeS | Instruction::F32Ge | Instruction::F64Ge => {
-				self.gen_compare(">=", func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::I64LtU => self.gen_binop_ex("lt_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64GtU => self.gen_binop_ex("gt_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64LeU => self.gen_binop_ex("le_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64GeU => self.gen_binop_ex("ge_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Clz => self.gen_unop_ex("clz_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Ctz => self.gen_unop_ex("ctz_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Popcnt => self.gen_unop_ex("popcnt_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32DivS => self.gen_binop_ex("div_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32DivU => self.gen_binop_ex("div_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32RemS => self.gen_binop_ex("rem_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32RemU => self.gen_binop_ex("rem_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32And => self.gen_binop_ex("band_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Or => self.gen_binop_ex("bor_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Xor => self.gen_binop_ex("bxor_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Shl => self.gen_binop_ex("shl_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32ShrS => self.gen_binop_ex("shr_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32ShrU => self.gen_binop_ex("shr_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Rotl => self.gen_binop_ex("rotl_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Rotr => self.gen_binop_ex("rotr_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Clz => self.gen_unop_ex("clz_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Ctz => self.gen_unop_ex("ctz_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Popcnt => self.gen_unop_ex("popcnt_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64DivS => self.gen_binop_ex("div_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64DivU => self.gen_binop_ex("div_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64RemS => self.gen_binop_ex("rem_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64RemU => self.gen_binop_ex("rem_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64And => self.gen_binop_ex("band_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Or => self.gen_binop_ex("bor_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Xor => self.gen_binop_ex("bxor_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Shl => self.gen_binop_ex("shl_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64ShrS => self.gen_binop_ex("shr_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64ShrU => self.gen_binop_ex("shr_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Rotl => self.gen_binop_ex("rotl_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64Rotr => self.gen_binop_ex("rotr_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Abs | Instruction::F64Abs => self.gen_unop_ex("math_abs", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Neg | Instruction::F64Neg => {
-				let reg = func.var_name_of(self.reg.pop(1));
-
-				self.reg.push(1);
-
-				write!(w, "{} = -{} ", reg, reg)
-			}
-			Instruction::F32Ceil | Instruction::F64Ceil => self.gen_unop_ex("math_ceil", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Floor | Instruction::F64Floor => {
-				self.gen_unop_ex("math_floor", func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::F32Trunc | Instruction::F64Trunc => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Nearest | Instruction::F64Nearest => {
-				self.gen_unop_ex("nearest_f", func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::F32Sqrt | Instruction::F64Sqrt => self.gen_unop_ex("math_sqrt", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Add
-			| Instruction::I64Add
-			| Instruction::F32Add
-			| Instruction::F64Add => self.gen_binop("+", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Sub
-			| Instruction::I64Sub
-			| Instruction::F32Sub
-			| Instruction::F64Sub => self.gen_binop("-", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32Mul
-			| Instruction::I64Mul
-			| Instruction::F32Mul
-			| Instruction::F64Mul => self.gen_binop("*", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Div | Instruction::F64Div => self.gen_binop("/", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Min | Instruction::F64Min => self.gen_binop_ex("math_min", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Max | Instruction::F64Max => self.gen_binop_ex("math_max", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32Copysign | Instruction::F64Copysign => {
-				self.gen_unop_ex("math_sign", func, w)
-			}
-			Instruction::I32WrapI64 => self.gen_unop_ex("wrap_i64_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32TruncSF32 => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f32_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32TruncUF32 => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f32_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32TruncSF64 => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f64_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32TruncUF64 => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f64_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64ExtendSI32 => self.gen_unop_ex("extend_i32_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64ExtendUI32 => self.gen_unop_ex("extend_i32_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64TruncSF32 => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f32_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64TruncUF32 => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f32_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64TruncSF64 => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f64_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64TruncUF64 => self.gen_unop_ex("trunc_f64_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32ConvertSI32 => self.gen_unop_ex("convert_i32_f32", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32ConvertUI32 => self.gen_unop_ex("convert_u32_f32", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32ConvertSI64 => self.gen_unop_ex("convert_i64_f32", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32ConvertUI64 => self.gen_unop_ex("convert_u64_f32", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32DemoteF64 => self.gen_unop_ex("demote_f64_f32", func, w),
-			Instruction::F64ConvertSI32 => self.gen_unop_ex("convert_f64_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::F64ConvertUI32 => self.gen_unop_ex("convert_f64_u32", func, w),
-			Instruction::F64ConvertSI64 => self.gen_unop_ex("convert_f64_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::F64ConvertUI64 => self.gen_unop_ex("convert_f64_u64", func, w),
-			Instruction::F64PromoteF32 => self.gen_unop_ex("promote_f32_f64", func, w),
-			Instruction::I32ReinterpretF32 => self.gen_unop_ex("reinterpret_f32_i32", func, w),
-			Instruction::I64ReinterpretF64 => self.gen_unop_ex("reinterpret_f64_i64", func, w),
-			Instruction::F32ReinterpretI32 => self.gen_unop_ex("reinterpret_i32_f32", func, w),
-			Instruction::F64ReinterpretI64 => self.gen_unop_ex("reinterpret_i64_f64", func, w),
-		}
-	}
-}
diff --git a/src/backend/translator/level_2.rs b/src/backend/translator/level_2.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5295a6d..0000000
--- a/src/backend/translator/level_2.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-use std::{collections::BTreeSet, io::Result};
-
-use parity_wasm::elements::Instruction;
-
-use crate::{
-	backend::{
-		edition::data::Edition,
-		helper::writer::{write_ordered, Writer},
-		visitor::{localize, memory, register},
-	},
-	data::Module,
-};
-
-use super::level_1::Body;
-
-pub fn gen_init_expression(code: &[Instruction], w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	assert!(code.len() == 2);
-
-	let inst = code.first().unwrap();
-
-	match *inst {
-		Instruction::I32Const(v) => write!(w, "{} ", v),
-		Instruction::I64Const(v) => write!(w, "{} ", v),
-		Instruction::F32Const(v) => write!(w, "{} ", f32::from_bits(v)),
-		Instruction::F64Const(v) => write!(w, "{} ", f64::from_bits(v)),
-		Instruction::GetGlobal(i) => write!(w, "GLOBAL_LIST[{}].value ", i),
-		_ => unreachable!(),
-	}
-}
-
-fn gen_prelude(num_stack: u32, num_param: u32, num_local: u32, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	let num_reg = num_stack - num_param - num_local;
-
-	write!(w, "function(")?;
-	write_ordered("param", num_param, w)?;
-	write!(w, ")")?;
-
-	if num_local != 0 {
-		let zero = vec!["0"; num_local as usize].join(", ");
-
-		write!(w, "local ")?;
-		write_ordered("var", num_local, w)?;
-		write!(w, "= {} ", zero)?;
-	}
-
-	if num_reg != 0 {
-		write!(w, "local ")?;
-		write_ordered("reg", num_reg, w)?;
-		write!(w, " ")?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(())
-}
-
-fn gen_memory(set: BTreeSet<u8>, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	set.into_iter()
-		.try_for_each(|i| write!(w, "local memory_at_{0} = MEMORY_LIST[{0}]", i))
-}
-
-fn gen_localize(set: BTreeSet<(&str, &str)>, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	set.into_iter()
-		.try_for_each(|v| write!(w, "local {0}_{1} = {0}.{1} ", v.0, v.1))
-}
-
-pub fn gen_function(spec: &dyn Edition, index: usize, m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	let mem_set = memory::visit(m, index);
-	let loc_set = localize::visit(m, index);
-	let num_stack = register::visit(m, index);
-
-	let num_param = m.in_arity[index].num_param;
-	let num_local = m.code[index].num_local;
-
-	let mut inner = Body::new(spec, num_param + num_local);
-
-	gen_prelude(num_stack, num_param, num_local, w)?;
-	gen_memory(mem_set, w)?;
-	gen_localize(loc_set, w)?;
-	inner.generate(index, m, w)?;
-
-	assert!(
-		inner.reg.last == num_stack,
-		"Mismatched register allocation"
-	);
-
-	Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/src/backend/translator/level_3.rs b/src/backend/translator/level_3.rs
deleted file mode 100755
index 7318c66..0000000
--- a/src/backend/translator/level_3.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,276 +0,0 @@
-use std::io::Result;
-
-use parity_wasm::elements::{External, ImportCountType, Internal, ResizableLimits};
-
-use crate::{
-	backend::{edition::data::Edition, helper::writer::Writer},
-	data::Module,
-};
-
-use super::level_2::{gen_function, gen_init_expression};
-
-const RUNTIME_DATA: &str = "
-local add = rt.add
-local sub = rt.sub
-local mul = rt.mul
-local div = rt.div
-
-local le = rt.le
-local lt = rt.lt
-local ge = rt.ge
-local gt = rt.gt
-
-local band = rt.band
-local bor = rt.bor
-local bxor = rt.bxor
-local bnot = rt.bnot
-
-local shl = rt.shl
-local shr = rt.shr
-
-local extend = rt.extend
-local wrap = rt.wrap
-
-local load = rt.load
-local store = rt.store
-";
-
-fn gen_import_of<T>(m: &Module, w: Writer, lower: &str, cond: T) -> Result<()>
-where
-	T: Fn(&External) -> bool,
-{
-	let import = match m.parent.import_section() {
-		Some(v) => v.entries(),
-		None => return Ok(()),
-	};
-	let upper = lower.to_uppercase();
-
-	for (i, v) in import.iter().filter(|v| cond(v.external())).enumerate() {
-		let field = v.field();
-		let module = v.module();
-
-		write!(w, "{}[{}] = wasm.{}.{}.{} ", upper, i, module, lower, field)?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(())
-}
-
-fn aux_internal_index(internal: Internal) -> u32 {
-	match internal {
-		Internal::Function(v) | Internal::Table(v) | Internal::Memory(v) | Internal::Global(v) => v,
-	}
-}
-
-fn gen_export_of<T>(m: &Module, w: Writer, lower: &str, cond: T) -> Result<()>
-where
-	T: Fn(&Internal) -> bool,
-{
-	let export = match m.parent.export_section() {
-		Some(v) => v.entries(),
-		None => return Ok(()),
-	};
-	let upper = lower.to_uppercase();
-
-	write!(w, "{} = {{", lower)?;
-
-	for v in export.iter().filter(|v| cond(v.internal())) {
-		let field = v.field();
-		let index = aux_internal_index(*v.internal());
-
-		write!(w, "{} = {}[{}],", field, upper, index)?;
-	}
-
-	write!(w, "}},")
-}
-
-fn gen_import_list(m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	gen_import_of(m, w, "func_list", |v| matches!(v, External::Function(_)))?;
-	gen_import_of(m, w, "table_list", |v| matches!(v, External::Table(_)))?;
-	gen_import_of(m, w, "memory_list", |v| matches!(v, External::Memory(_)))?;
-	gen_import_of(m, w, "global_list", |v| matches!(v, External::Global(_)))
-}
-
-fn gen_export_list(m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	gen_export_of(m, w, "func_list", |v| matches!(v, Internal::Function(_)))?;
-	gen_export_of(m, w, "table_list", |v| matches!(v, Internal::Table(_)))?;
-	gen_export_of(m, w, "memory_list", |v| matches!(v, Internal::Memory(_)))?;
-	gen_export_of(m, w, "global_list", |v| matches!(v, Internal::Global(_)))
-}
-
-fn gen_table_init(limit: &ResizableLimits, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	write!(w, "{{ min = {}", limit.initial())?;
-
-	if let Some(max) = limit.maximum() {
-		write!(w, ", max = {}", max)?;
-	}
-
-	write!(w, ", data = {{}} }}")
-}
-
-fn gen_memory_init(limit: &ResizableLimits, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	write!(w, "rt.memory.new({}, ", limit.initial())?;
-
-	if let Some(max) = limit.maximum() {
-		write!(w, "{}", max)?;
-	} else {
-		write!(w, "nil")?;
-	}
-
-	write!(w, ")")
-}
-
-fn gen_table_list(m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	let table = match m.parent.table_section() {
-		Some(v) => v.entries(),
-		None => return Ok(()),
-	};
-	let offset = m.parent.import_count(ImportCountType::Table);
-
-	for (i, v) in table.iter().enumerate() {
-		let index = i + offset;
-
-		write!(w, "TABLE_LIST[{}] =", index)?;
-		gen_table_init(v.limits(), w)?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(())
-}
-
-fn gen_memory_list(m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	let memory = match m.parent.memory_section() {
-		Some(v) => v.entries(),
-		None => return Ok(()),
-	};
-	let offset = m.parent.import_count(ImportCountType::Memory);
-
-	for (i, v) in memory.iter().enumerate() {
-		let index = i + offset;
-
-		write!(w, "MEMORY_LIST[{}] =", index)?;
-		gen_memory_init(v.limits(), w)?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(())
-}
-
-fn gen_global_list(m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	let global = match m.parent.global_section() {
-		Some(v) => v,
-		None => return Ok(()),
-	};
-	let offset = m.parent.import_count(ImportCountType::Global);
-
-	for (i, v) in global.entries().iter().enumerate() {
-		let index = i + offset;
-
-		write!(w, "GLOBAL_LIST[{}] = {{ value =", index)?;
-		gen_init_expression(v.init_expr().code(), w)?;
-		write!(w, "}}")?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(())
-}
-
-fn gen_element_list(m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	let element = match m.parent.elements_section() {
-		Some(v) => v.entries(),
-		None => return Ok(()),
-	};
-
-	for v in element {
-		write!(w, "do ")?;
-		write!(w, "local target = TABLE_LIST[{}].data ", v.index())?;
-		write!(w, "local offset =")?;
-
-		gen_init_expression(v.offset().as_ref().unwrap().code(), w)?;
-
-		for (i, f) in v.members().iter().enumerate() {
-			write!(w, "target[offset + {}] = FUNC_LIST[{}]", i, f)?;
-		}
-
-		write!(w, "end ")?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(())
-}
-
-fn gen_data_list(m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	let data = match m.parent.data_section() {
-		Some(v) => v.entries(),
-		None => return Ok(()),
-	};
-
-	for v in data {
-		write!(w, "do ")?;
-		write!(w, "local target = MEMORY_LIST[{}]", v.index())?;
-		write!(w, "local offset =")?;
-
-		gen_init_expression(v.offset().as_ref().unwrap().code(), w)?;
-
-		write!(w, "local data = \"")?;
-
-		v.value()
-			.iter()
-			.try_for_each(|v| write!(w, "\\x{:02X}", v))?;
-
-		write!(w, "\"")?;
-
-		write!(w, "rt.memory.init(target, offset, data)")?;
-
-		write!(w, "end ")?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(())
-}
-
-fn gen_start_point(m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	write!(w, "local function run_init_code()")?;
-	gen_table_list(m, w)?;
-	gen_memory_list(m, w)?;
-	gen_global_list(m, w)?;
-	gen_element_list(m, w)?;
-	gen_data_list(m, w)?;
-	write!(w, "end ")?;
-
-	write!(w, "return function(wasm)")?;
-	gen_import_list(m, w)?;
-	write!(w, "run_init_code()")?;
-
-	if let Some(start) = m.parent.start_section() {
-		write!(w, "FUNC_LIST[{}]()", start)?;
-	}
-
-	write!(w, "return {{")?;
-	gen_export_list(m, w)?;
-	write!(w, "}} end ")
-}
-
-fn gen_nil_array(name: &str, len: usize, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	if len == 0 {
-		return Ok(());
-	}
-
-	let list = vec!["nil"; len].join(", ");
-
-	write!(w, "local {} = {{[0] = {}}}", name, list)
-}
-
-pub fn translate(spec: &dyn Edition, m: &Module, w: Writer) -> Result<()> {
-	write!(w, "local rt = require({})", spec.runtime())?;
-	write!(w, "{}", RUNTIME_DATA)?;
-
-	gen_nil_array("FUNC_LIST", m.in_arity.len(), w)?;
-	gen_nil_array("TABLE_LIST", m.parent.table_space(), w)?;
-	gen_nil_array("MEMORY_LIST", m.parent.memory_space(), w)?;
-	gen_nil_array("GLOBAL_LIST", m.parent.globals_space(), w)?;
-
-	let offset = m.ex_arity.len();
-
-	for i in 0..m.in_arity.len() {
-		write!(w, "FUNC_LIST[{}] =", i + offset)?;
-
-		gen_function(spec, i, m, w)?;
-	}
-
-	gen_start_point(m, w)
-}
diff --git a/src/backend/translator/mod.rs b/src/backend/translator/mod.rs
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 4f45786..93ac500
--- a/src/backend/translator/mod.rs
+++ b/src/backend/translator/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-// Translation is done in levels.
-// Level 1 handles user logic and WASM instructions.
-// Level 2 handles setup for functions.
-// Level 3 handles initialization of the module.
-
-mod level_1;
-mod level_2;
-pub mod level_3;
+pub mod arity;
+pub mod data;
+mod writer;
diff --git a/src/backend/translator/writer.rs b/src/backend/translator/writer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d42343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/translator/writer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+use std::{
+	io::{Result, Write},
+	ops::Range,
+};
+
+use crate::backend::{
+	ast::data::{
+		AnyBinOp, AnyLoad, AnyStore, AnyUnOp, Backward, Br, BrIf, BrTable, Call, CallIndirect,
+		Expression, Forward, Function, GetGlobal, GetLocal, If, Memorize, MemoryGrow, MemorySize,
+		Return, Select, SetGlobal, SetLocal, Statement, Value,
+	},
+	edition::data::Edition,
+	visitor::{localize, memory},
+};
+
+fn write_in_order(prefix: &'static str, len: u32, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+	if len == 0 {
+		return Ok(());
+	}
+
+	write!(w, "{}_{}", prefix, 0)?;
+	(1..len).try_for_each(|i| write!(w, ", {}_{}", prefix, i))
+}
+
+fn write_br_gadget(rem: usize, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+	match d.label_list.last() {
+		Some(Label::Forward | Label::If) => d.edition.br_target(rem, false, w),
+		Some(Label::Backward) => d.edition.br_target(rem, true, w),
+		None => Ok(()),
+	}
+}
+
+pub fn list_to_range(list: &[u32]) -> Vec<(Range<usize>, u32)> {
+	let mut result = Vec::new();
+	let mut index = 0;
+
+	while index < list.len() {
+		let start = index;
+
+		loop {
+			index += 1;
+
+			// if end of list or next value is not equal, break
+			if index == list.len() || list[index - 1] != list[index] {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		result.push((start..index, list[start]));
+	}
+
+	result
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum Label {
+	Forward,
+	Backward,
+	If,
+}
+
+pub struct Data<'a> {
+	label_list: Vec<Label>,
+	num_param: u32,
+	edition: &'a dyn Edition,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Data<'a> {
+	pub fn new(num_param: u32, edition: &'a dyn Edition) -> Self {
+		Self {
+			label_list: Vec::new(),
+			num_param,
+			edition,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Select {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "(")?;
+		self.cond.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, " ~= 0 and ")?;
+		self.a.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, " or ")?;
+		self.b.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, ")")
+	}
+}
+
+impl GetLocal {
+	fn write_variable(var: u32, d: &Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		if let Some(rem) = var.checked_sub(d.num_param) {
+			write!(w, "loc_{} ", rem)
+		} else {
+			write!(w, "param_{} ", var)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn output(&self, d: &Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		Self::write_variable(self.var, d, w)
+	}
+}
+
+impl GetGlobal {
+	fn output(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "GLOBAL_LIST[{}].value ", self.var)
+	}
+}
+
+impl AnyLoad {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "load_{}(memory_at_0, ", self.op.as_name())?;
+		self.pointer.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, "+ {})", self.offset)
+	}
+}
+
+impl MemorySize {
+	fn output(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "rt.memory.size(memory_at_{})", self.memory)
+	}
+}
+
+impl MemoryGrow {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "rt.memory.grow(memory_at_{}, ", self.memory)?;
+		self.value.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, ")")
+	}
+}
+
+impl Value {
+	fn output(&self, d: &Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		match self {
+			Self::I32(i) => write!(w, "{} ", i),
+			Self::I64(i) => write!(w, "{} ", d.edition.i64(*i)),
+			Self::F32(f) => write!(w, "{} ", f),
+			Self::F64(f) => write!(w, "{} ", f),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl AnyUnOp {
+	fn write_as_call(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let (a, b) = self.op.as_name();
+
+		write!(w, "{}_{}(", a, b)?;
+		self.rhs.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, ")")
+	}
+
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		if let Some(op) = self.op.as_operator() {
+			write!(w, "{}", op)?;
+			self.rhs.output(d, w)
+		} else {
+			self.write_as_call(d, w)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl AnyBinOp {
+	fn write_as_op(&self, op: &'static str, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "(")?;
+		self.lhs.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, "{} ", op)?;
+		self.rhs.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, ")")
+	}
+
+	fn write_as_call(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let (a, b) = self.op.as_name();
+
+		write!(w, "{}_{}(", a, b)?;
+		self.lhs.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, ", ")?;
+		self.rhs.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, ")")
+	}
+
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		if let Some(op) = self.op.as_operator() {
+			self.write_as_op(op, d, w)
+		} else {
+			self.write_as_call(d, w)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Expression {
+	fn write_list(list: &[Self], d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		list.iter().enumerate().try_for_each(|(i, v)| {
+			if i != 0 {
+				write!(w, ", ")?;
+			}
+
+			v.output(d, w)
+		})
+	}
+
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		match self {
+			Self::Recall(i) => write!(w, "reg_{} ", i),
+			Self::Select(s) => s.output(d, w),
+			Self::GetLocal(g) => g.output(d, w),
+			Self::GetGlobal(g) => g.output(w),
+			Self::AnyLoad(a) => a.output(d, w),
+			Self::MemorySize(m) => m.output(w),
+			Self::MemoryGrow(m) => m.output(d, w),
+			Self::Value(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Self::AnyUnOp(a) => a.output(d, w),
+			Self::AnyBinOp(a) => a.output(d, w),
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn to_buffer(&self, d: &mut Data) -> Result<String> {
+		let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+		self.output(d, &mut buf)?;
+
+		Ok(String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap())
+	}
+}
+
+impl Memorize {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "reg_{} = ", self.var)?;
+		self.value.output(d, w)
+	}
+}
+
+impl Forward {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let rem = d.label_list.len();
+
+		d.label_list.push(Label::Forward);
+		d.edition.start_block(w)?;
+
+		self.body.iter().try_for_each(|s| s.output(d, w))?;
+
+		d.edition.end_block(rem, w)?;
+		d.label_list.pop().unwrap();
+
+		write_br_gadget(rem, d, w)
+	}
+}
+
+impl Backward {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let rem = d.label_list.len();
+
+		d.label_list.push(Label::Backward);
+		d.edition.start_loop(rem, w)?;
+
+		self.body.iter().try_for_each(|s| s.output(d, w))?;
+
+		d.edition.end_loop(w)?;
+		d.label_list.pop().unwrap();
+
+		write_br_gadget(rem, d, w)
+	}
+}
+
+impl If {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let rem = d.label_list.len();
+
+		d.label_list.push(Label::If);
+
+		let var = self.cond.to_buffer(d)?;
+
+		d.edition.start_if(&var, w)?;
+
+		self.body.iter().try_for_each(|s| s.output(d, w))?;
+
+		d.edition.end_if(rem, w)?;
+		d.label_list.pop().unwrap();
+
+		write_br_gadget(rem, d, w)
+	}
+}
+
+impl Br {
+	fn write_at(up: u32, d: &Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let up = up as usize;
+		let level = d.label_list.len() - 1;
+		let is_loop = d.label_list[level - up] == Label::Backward;
+
+		d.edition.br_to_level(level, up, is_loop, w)
+	}
+
+	fn output(&self, d: &Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		Self::write_at(self.target, d, w)
+	}
+}
+
+impl BrIf {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "if ")?;
+		self.cond.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, "~= 0 then ")?;
+		Br::write_at(self.target, d, w)?;
+		write!(w, "end ")
+	}
+}
+
+impl BrTable {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "local temp = ")?;
+		self.cond.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, " ")?;
+
+		for (r, t) in list_to_range(&self.data.table) {
+			if r.len() == 1 {
+				write!(w, "if temp == {} then ", r.start)?;
+			} else {
+				write!(w, "if temp >= {} and temp <= {} then ", r.start, r.end)?;
+			}
+
+			Br::write_at(t, d, w)?;
+			write!(w, "else")?;
+		}
+
+		write!(w, " ")?;
+		Br::write_at(self.data.default, d, w)?;
+		write!(w, "end ")
+	}
+}
+
+impl Return {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "do return ")?;
+
+		self.list.iter().enumerate().try_for_each(|(i, v)| {
+			if i > 0 {
+				write!(w, ", ")?;
+			}
+
+			v.output(d, w)
+		})?;
+
+		write!(w, "end ")
+	}
+}
+
+impl Call {
+	fn write_result_list(range: Range<u32>, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		if range.is_empty() {
+			return Ok(());
+		}
+
+		range.clone().try_for_each(|i| {
+			if i != range.start {
+				write!(w, ", ")?;
+			}
+
+			write!(w, "reg_{}", i)
+		})?;
+
+		write!(w, " = ")
+	}
+
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		Self::write_result_list(self.result.clone(), w)?;
+
+		write!(w, "FUNC_LIST[{}](", self.func)?;
+
+		Expression::write_list(&self.param_list, d, w)?;
+
+		write!(w, ")")
+	}
+}
+
+impl CallIndirect {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		Call::write_result_list(self.result.clone(), w)?;
+
+		write!(w, "TABLE_LIST[{}][", self.table)?;
+
+		self.index.output(d, w)?;
+
+		write!(w, "](")?;
+
+		Expression::write_list(&self.param_list, d, w)?;
+
+		write!(w, ")")
+	}
+}
+
+impl SetLocal {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		GetLocal::write_variable(self.var, d, w)?;
+
+		write!(w, "= ")?;
+		self.value.output(d, w)
+	}
+}
+
+impl SetGlobal {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "GLOBAL_LIST[{}].value = ", self.var)?;
+		self.value.output(d, w)
+	}
+}
+
+impl AnyStore {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "store_{}(memory_at_0, ", self.op.as_name())?;
+		self.pointer.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, "+ {}, ", self.offset)?;
+		self.value.output(d, w)?;
+		write!(w, ")")
+	}
+}
+
+impl Statement {
+	fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		match self {
+			Statement::Unreachable => write!(w, "error(\"out of code bounds\")"),
+			Statement::Memorize(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::Forward(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::Backward(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::If(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::Br(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::BrIf(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::BrTable(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::Return(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::Call(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::CallIndirect(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::SetLocal(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::SetGlobal(v) => v.output(d, w),
+			Statement::AnyStore(v) => v.output(d, w),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+impl Function {
+	fn write_variable_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		if self.num_local != 0 {
+			let list = vec!["0"; self.num_local as usize].join(", ");
+
+			write!(w, "local ")?;
+			write_in_order("loc", self.num_local, w)?;
+			write!(w, " = {} ", list)?;
+		}
+
+		if self.num_stack != 0 {
+			write!(w, "local ")?;
+			write_in_order("reg", self.num_stack, w)?;
+			write!(w, " ")?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	fn write_visitor_list(&self, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		let memory = memory::visit(self);
+		let localize = localize::visit(self);
+
+		for v in memory {
+			write!(w, "local memory_at_{0} = MEMORY_LIST[{0}]", v)?;
+		}
+
+		for (a, b) in localize {
+			write!(w, "local {0}_{1} = rt.{0}.{1} ", a, b)?;
+		}
+
+		Ok(())
+	}
+
+	pub fn output(&self, d: &mut Data, w: &mut dyn Write) -> Result<()> {
+		write!(w, "function(")?;
+
+		write_in_order("param", self.num_param, w)?;
+
+		write!(w, ")")?;
+
+		self.write_visitor_list(w)?;
+		self.write_variable_list(w)?;
+
+		self.body.iter().try_for_each(|s| s.output(d, w))?;
+
+		write!(w, "end ")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/visitor/data.rs b/src/backend/visitor/data.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f141d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/visitor/data.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use crate::backend::ast::data::{
+	AnyBinOp, AnyLoad, AnyStore, AnyUnOp, Backward, Br, BrIf, BrTable, Call, CallIndirect,
+	Expression, Forward, GetGlobal, GetLocal, If, Memorize, MemoryGrow, MemorySize, Return, Select,
+	SetGlobal, SetLocal, Statement, Value,
+};
+
+pub trait Visitor {
+	fn visit_recall(&mut self, _: usize) {}
+
+	fn visit_select(&mut self, _: &Select) {}
+
+	fn visit_get_local(&mut self, _: &GetLocal) {}
+
+	fn visit_get_global(&mut self, _: &GetGlobal) {}
+
+	fn visit_any_load(&mut self, _: &AnyLoad) {}
+
+	fn visit_memory_size(&mut self, _: &MemorySize) {}
+
+	fn visit_memory_grow(&mut self, _: &MemoryGrow) {}
+
+	fn visit_value(&mut self, _: &Value) {}
+
+	fn visit_any_unop(&mut self, _: &AnyUnOp) {}
+
+	fn visit_any_binop(&mut self, _: &AnyBinOp) {}
+
+	fn visit_expression(&mut self, _: &Expression) {}
+
+	fn visit_unreachable(&mut self) {}
+
+	fn visit_memorize(&mut self, _: &Memorize) {}
+
+	fn visit_forward(&mut self, _: &Forward) {}
+
+	fn visit_backward(&mut self, _: &Backward) {}
+
+	fn visit_if(&mut self, _: &If) {}
+
+	fn visit_br(&mut self, _: &Br) {}
+
+	fn visit_br_if(&mut self, _: &BrIf) {}
+
+	fn visit_br_table(&mut self, _: &BrTable) {}
+
+	fn visit_return(&mut self, _: &Return) {}
+
+	fn visit_call(&mut self, _: &Call) {}
+
+	fn visit_call_indirect(&mut self, _: &CallIndirect) {}
+
+	fn visit_set_local(&mut self, _: &SetLocal) {}
+
+	fn visit_set_global(&mut self, _: &SetGlobal) {}
+
+	fn visit_any_store(&mut self, _: &AnyStore) {}
+
+	fn visit_statement(&mut self, _: &Statement) {}
+}
diff --git a/src/backend/visitor/localize.rs b/src/backend/visitor/localize.rs
index d87b5c2..ea58767 100644
--- a/src/backend/visitor/localize.rs
+++ b/src/backend/visitor/localize.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,53 @@
-use std::{collections::BTreeSet, convert::TryFrom};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use crate::{
-	backend::helper::operation::{BinOp, Load, Named, Store, UnOp},
-	data::Module,
-};
+use crate::backend::ast::data::{AnyBinOp, AnyLoad, AnyStore, AnyUnOp, Function};
 
-pub fn visit(m: &Module, index: usize) -> BTreeSet<(&'static str, &'static str)> {
-	let mut result = BTreeSet::new();
+use super::data::Visitor;
 
-	for i in m.code[index].inst_list {
-		if let Ok(used) = Load::try_from(i) {
-			result.insert(used.as_name());
-		} else if let Ok(used) = Store::try_from(i) {
-			result.insert(used.as_name());
-		} else if let Ok(used) = UnOp::try_from(i) {
-			result.insert(used.as_name());
-		} else if let Ok(used) = BinOp::try_from(i) {
-			result.insert(used.as_name());
-		}
+struct Visit {
+	result: BTreeSet<(&'static str, &'static str)>,
+}
+
+impl Visitor for Visit {
+	fn visit_any_load(&mut self, v: &AnyLoad) {
+		let name = v.op.as_name();
+
+		self.result.insert(("load", name));
 	}
 
-	result
+	fn visit_any_store(&mut self, v: &AnyStore) {
+		let name = v.op.as_name();
+
+		self.result.insert(("store", name));
+	}
+
+	fn visit_any_unop(&mut self, v: &AnyUnOp) {
+		if v.op.as_operator().is_some() {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		let name = v.op.as_name();
+
+		self.result.insert(name);
+	}
+
+	fn visit_any_binop(&mut self, v: &AnyBinOp) {
+		if v.op.as_operator().is_some() {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		let name = v.op.as_name();
+
+		self.result.insert(name);
+	}
+}
+
+pub fn visit(func: &Function) -> BTreeSet<(&'static str, &'static str)> {
+	let mut visit = Visit {
+		result: BTreeSet::new(),
+	};
+
+	func.accept(&mut visit);
+
+	visit.result
 }
diff --git a/src/backend/visitor/memory.rs b/src/backend/visitor/memory.rs
index 3ffd20f..6f2a742 100644
--- a/src/backend/visitor/memory.rs
+++ b/src/backend/visitor/memory.rs
@@ -1,45 +1,37 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
-use parity_wasm::elements::Instruction;
+use crate::backend::ast::data::{AnyLoad, AnyStore, Function, MemoryGrow, MemorySize};
 
-use crate::data::Module;
+use super::data::Visitor;
 
-pub fn visit(m: &Module, index: usize) -> BTreeSet<u8> {
-	let mut result = BTreeSet::new();
+struct Visit {
+	result: BTreeSet<u8>,
+}
 
-	for i in m.code[index].inst_list {
-		match i {
-			Instruction::I32Store(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Store(_, _)
-			| Instruction::F32Store(_, _)
-			| Instruction::F64Store(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Store8(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Store16(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Store8(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Store16(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Store32(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load(_, _)
-			| Instruction::F32Load(_, _)
-			| Instruction::F64Load(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load8S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load8U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load16S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load16U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load8S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load8U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load16S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load16U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load32S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load32U(_, _) => {
-				result.insert(0);
-			}
-			Instruction::CurrentMemory(index) | Instruction::GrowMemory(index) => {
-				result.insert(*index);
-			}
-			_ => {}
-		}
+impl Visitor for Visit {
+	fn visit_any_store(&mut self, _: &AnyStore) {
+		self.result.insert(0);
 	}
 
-	result
+	fn visit_any_load(&mut self, _: &AnyLoad) {
+		self.result.insert(0);
+	}
+
+	fn visit_memory_size(&mut self, m: &MemorySize) {
+		self.result.insert(m.memory);
+	}
+
+	fn visit_memory_grow(&mut self, m: &MemoryGrow) {
+		self.result.insert(m.memory);
+	}
+}
+
+pub fn visit(func: &Function) -> BTreeSet<u8> {
+	let mut visit = Visit {
+		result: BTreeSet::new(),
+	};
+
+	func.accept(&mut visit);
+
+	visit.result
 }
diff --git a/src/backend/visitor/mod.rs b/src/backend/visitor/mod.rs
index 396078e..132b917 100644
--- a/src/backend/visitor/mod.rs
+++ b/src/backend/visitor/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
+pub mod data;
 pub mod localize;
 pub mod memory;
-pub mod register;
diff --git a/src/backend/visitor/register.rs b/src/backend/visitor/register.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b5aaca4..0000000
--- a/src/backend/visitor/register.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,225 +0,0 @@
-use parity_wasm::elements::Instruction;
-
-use crate::{
-	backend::helper::register::Register,
-	data::{Arity, Module},
-};
-
-pub fn visit(m: &Module, index: usize) -> u32 {
-	let mut reg = Register::new();
-	let num_param = m.in_arity[index].num_param;
-	let num_local = m.code[index].num_local;
-
-	reg.push(num_param + num_local);
-
-	for i in m.code[index].inst_list {
-		match i {
-			Instruction::Block(_) | Instruction::Loop(_) => {
-				reg.save();
-			}
-			Instruction::If(_) => {
-				reg.pop(1);
-				reg.save();
-			}
-			Instruction::Else => {
-				reg.load();
-				reg.save();
-			}
-			Instruction::End => {
-				reg.load();
-			}
-			Instruction::BrIf(_)
-			| Instruction::BrTable(_)
-			| Instruction::Drop
-			| Instruction::SetLocal(_)
-			| Instruction::SetGlobal(_) => {
-				reg.pop(1);
-			}
-			Instruction::Call(i) => {
-				let arity = m.arity_of(*i as usize);
-
-				reg.pop(arity.num_param);
-				reg.push(arity.num_result);
-			}
-			Instruction::CallIndirect(i, _) => {
-				let types = m.parent.type_section().unwrap().types();
-				let arity = Arity::from_index(types, *i);
-
-				reg.pop(arity.num_param + 1);
-				reg.push(arity.num_result);
-			}
-			Instruction::Select => {
-				reg.pop(3);
-				reg.push(1);
-			}
-			Instruction::GetLocal(_)
-			| Instruction::GetGlobal(_)
-			| Instruction::CurrentMemory(_)
-			| Instruction::I32Const(_)
-			| Instruction::I64Const(_)
-			| Instruction::F32Const(_)
-			| Instruction::F64Const(_) => {
-				reg.push(1);
-			}
-			Instruction::TeeLocal(_)
-			| Instruction::I32Load(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load(_, _)
-			| Instruction::F32Load(_, _)
-			| Instruction::F64Load(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load8S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load8U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load16S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Load16U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load8S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load8U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load16S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load16U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load32S(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Load32U(_, _)
-			| Instruction::GrowMemory(_)
-			| Instruction::I32Eqz
-			| Instruction::I64Eqz
-			| Instruction::I32Clz
-			| Instruction::I32Ctz
-			| Instruction::I32Popcnt
-			| Instruction::I64Clz
-			| Instruction::I64Ctz
-			| Instruction::I64Popcnt
-			| Instruction::F32Abs
-			| Instruction::F32Neg
-			| Instruction::F32Ceil
-			| Instruction::F32Floor
-			| Instruction::F32Trunc
-			| Instruction::F32Nearest
-			| Instruction::F32Sqrt
-			| Instruction::F32Copysign
-			| Instruction::F64Abs
-			| Instruction::F64Neg
-			| Instruction::F64Ceil
-			| Instruction::F64Floor
-			| Instruction::F64Trunc
-			| Instruction::F64Nearest
-			| Instruction::F64Sqrt
-			| Instruction::F64Copysign
-			| Instruction::I32WrapI64
-			| Instruction::I32TruncSF32
-			| Instruction::I32TruncUF32
-			| Instruction::I32TruncSF64
-			| Instruction::I32TruncUF64
-			| Instruction::I64ExtendSI32
-			| Instruction::I64ExtendUI32
-			| Instruction::I64TruncSF32
-			| Instruction::I64TruncUF32
-			| Instruction::I64TruncSF64
-			| Instruction::I64TruncUF64
-			| Instruction::F32ConvertSI32
-			| Instruction::F32ConvertUI32
-			| Instruction::F32ConvertSI64
-			| Instruction::F32ConvertUI64
-			| Instruction::F32DemoteF64
-			| Instruction::F64ConvertSI32
-			| Instruction::F64ConvertUI32
-			| Instruction::F64ConvertSI64
-			| Instruction::F64ConvertUI64
-			| Instruction::F64PromoteF32
-			| Instruction::I32ReinterpretF32
-			| Instruction::I64ReinterpretF64
-			| Instruction::F32ReinterpretI32
-			| Instruction::F64ReinterpretI64 => {
-				reg.pop(1);
-				reg.push(1);
-			}
-			Instruction::I32Store(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Store(_, _)
-			| Instruction::F32Store(_, _)
-			| Instruction::F64Store(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Store8(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I32Store16(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Store8(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Store16(_, _)
-			| Instruction::I64Store32(_, _) => {
-				reg.pop(2);
-			}
-			Instruction::I32Eq
-			| Instruction::I32Ne
-			| Instruction::I32LtS
-			| Instruction::I32LtU
-			| Instruction::I32GtS
-			| Instruction::I32GtU
-			| Instruction::I32LeS
-			| Instruction::I32LeU
-			| Instruction::I32GeS
-			| Instruction::I32GeU
-			| Instruction::I64Eq
-			| Instruction::I64Ne
-			| Instruction::I64LtS
-			| Instruction::I64LtU
-			| Instruction::I64GtS
-			| Instruction::I64GtU
-			| Instruction::I64LeS
-			| Instruction::I64LeU
-			| Instruction::I64GeS
-			| Instruction::I64GeU
-			| Instruction::F32Eq
-			| Instruction::F32Ne
-			| Instruction::F32Lt
-			| Instruction::F32Gt
-			| Instruction::F32Le
-			| Instruction::F32Ge
-			| Instruction::F64Eq
-			| Instruction::F64Ne
-			| Instruction::F64Lt
-			| Instruction::F64Gt
-			| Instruction::F64Le
-			| Instruction::F64Ge
-			| Instruction::I32Add
-			| Instruction::I32Sub
-			| Instruction::I32Mul
-			| Instruction::I32DivS
-			| Instruction::I32DivU
-			| Instruction::I32RemS
-			| Instruction::I32RemU
-			| Instruction::I32And
-			| Instruction::I32Or
-			| Instruction::I32Xor
-			| Instruction::I32Shl
-			| Instruction::I32ShrS
-			| Instruction::I32ShrU
-			| Instruction::I32Rotl
-			| Instruction::I32Rotr
-			| Instruction::I64Add
-			| Instruction::I64Sub
-			| Instruction::I64Mul
-			| Instruction::I64DivS
-			| Instruction::I64DivU
-			| Instruction::I64RemS
-			| Instruction::I64RemU
-			| Instruction::I64And
-			| Instruction::I64Or
-			| Instruction::I64Xor
-			| Instruction::I64Shl
-			| Instruction::I64ShrS
-			| Instruction::I64ShrU
-			| Instruction::I64Rotl
-			| Instruction::I64Rotr
-			| Instruction::F32Add
-			| Instruction::F32Sub
-			| Instruction::F32Mul
-			| Instruction::F32Div
-			| Instruction::F32Min
-			| Instruction::F32Max
-			| Instruction::F64Add
-			| Instruction::F64Sub
-			| Instruction::F64Mul
-			| Instruction::F64Div
-			| Instruction::F64Min
-			| Instruction::F64Max => {
-				reg.pop(2);
-				reg.push(1);
-			}
-			_ => {}
-		}
-	}
-
-	reg.last
-}
diff --git a/src/data.rs b/src/data.rs
deleted file mode 100755
index f702b80..0000000
--- a/src/data.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-use std::{borrow::Cow, convert::TryInto};
-
-use parity_wasm::elements::{
-	External, FunctionType, ImportEntry, Instruction, Local, Module as WasmModule, Type,
-};
-
-use crate::backend::helper::writer::ordered_iter;
-
-pub struct Code<'a> {
-	pub num_local: u32,
-	pub inst_list: &'a [Instruction],
-	var_list: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Code<'a> {
-	pub fn new(inst_list: &'a [Instruction], num_local: u32) -> Self {
-		Self {
-			num_local,
-			inst_list,
-			var_list: Vec::new(),
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn local_sum(list: &[Local]) -> u32 {
-		list.iter().map(Local::count).sum()
-	}
-
-	pub fn var_name_of(&self, index: u32) -> Cow<'_, str> {
-		let index: usize = index.try_into().unwrap();
-		let offset = self.var_list.len();
-
-		self.var_list
-			.get(index)
-			.map_or_else(|| format!("reg_{}", index - offset + 1).into(), Cow::from)
-	}
-
-	pub fn var_range_of(&self, start: u32, len: u32) -> Vec<Cow<'_, str>> {
-		(start..start + len).map(|i| self.var_name_of(i)).collect()
-	}
-}
-
-pub struct Arity {
-	pub num_param: u32,
-	pub num_result: u32,
-}
-
-impl Arity {
-	fn from_type(typ: &FunctionType) -> Self {
-		let num_param = typ.params().len().try_into().unwrap();
-		let num_result = typ.results().len().try_into().unwrap();
-
-		Self {
-			num_param,
-			num_result,
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn from_index(types: &[Type], index: u32) -> Self {
-		let Type::Function(typ) = &types[index as usize];
-
-		Self::from_type(typ)
-	}
-}
-
-pub struct Module<'a> {
-	pub ex_arity: Vec<Arity>,
-	pub in_arity: Vec<Arity>,
-	pub code: Vec<Code<'a>>,
-	pub parent: &'a WasmModule,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Module<'a> {
-	pub fn new(parent: &'a WasmModule) -> Self {
-		let mut module = Module {
-			in_arity: Self::new_arity_in_list(parent),
-			ex_arity: Self::new_arity_ex_list(parent),
-			code: Self::new_function_list(parent),
-			parent,
-		};
-
-		module.fill_cache();
-		module
-	}
-
-	fn fill_cache(&mut self) {
-		for (a, c) in self.in_arity.iter().zip(self.code.iter_mut()) {
-			c.var_list = ordered_iter("param", a.num_param)
-				.chain(ordered_iter("var", c.num_local))
-				.collect();
-		}
-	}
-
-	pub fn arity_of(&self, index: usize) -> &Arity {
-		let offset = self.ex_arity.len();
-
-		self.ex_arity
-			.get(index)
-			.or_else(|| self.in_arity.get(index - offset))
-			.unwrap()
-	}
-
-	fn new_arity_ext(types: &[Type], import: &ImportEntry) -> Option<Arity> {
-		if let External::Function(i) = import.external() {
-			Some(Arity::from_index(types, *i))
-		} else {
-			None
-		}
-	}
-
-	fn new_arity_in_list(wasm: &WasmModule) -> Vec<Arity> {
-		let (types, funcs) = match (wasm.type_section(), wasm.function_section()) {
-			(Some(t), Some(f)) => (t.types(), f.entries()),
-			_ => return Vec::new(),
-		};
-
-		funcs
-			.iter()
-			.map(|i| Arity::from_index(types, i.type_ref()))
-			.collect()
-	}
-
-	fn new_arity_ex_list(wasm: &WasmModule) -> Vec<Arity> {
-		let (types, imports) = match (wasm.type_section(), wasm.import_section()) {
-			(Some(t), Some(i)) => (t.types(), i.entries()),
-			_ => return Vec::new(),
-		};
-
-		imports
-			.iter()
-			.filter_map(|i| Self::new_arity_ext(types, i))
-			.collect()
-	}
-
-	fn new_function_list(wasm: &WasmModule) -> Vec<Code> {
-		let bodies = match wasm.code_section() {
-			Some(b) => b.bodies(),
-			None => return Vec::new(),
-		};
-
-		bodies
-			.iter()
-			.map(|v| {
-				let num_local = Code::local_sum(v.locals());
-
-				Code::new(v.code().elements(), num_local)
-			})
-			.collect()
-	}
-}
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 32dc311..d06bb93 100755
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-use backend::{edition::data::from_string, translator::level_3};
-use data::Module;
+use backend::{edition::data::from_string, translator::data::Module};
 use parity_wasm::deserialize_file;
 
 mod backend;
-mod data;
 
 fn main() {
 	let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
-	let spec = args
+	let ed = args
 		.next()
 		.as_deref()
 		.and_then(from_string)
@@ -19,6 +17,6 @@ fn main() {
 		let wasm = deserialize_file(v).unwrap();
 		let module = Module::new(&wasm);
 
-		level_3::translate(spec, &module, &mut output.lock()).unwrap();
+		module.translate(ed, &mut output.lock()).unwrap();
 	}
 }